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Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
@CraigBaird
Jun 18, 2023 • 23 tweets • 7 min read • Read on X
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In honour of #FathersDay, here is a thread about the fathers of our Canadian Prime Ministers!

23. Pierre Trudeau (Justin Trudeau)
Pierre was Canada's 13th prime minister from 1968-1979 & 1980-1984.
Pierre & Justin are the only father and son to serve as PM of Canada. Image
22. Joseph Harris Harper (Stephen Harper)

Joseph Harper was an accountant for Imperial Oil. He had an avid interest in military history & meticulously researched military insignia for his 1992 book Old Colours Never Die. Image
21. Paul Martin Sr (Paul Martin Jr.)

One of Canada's most influential politicians, Paul Martin Sr. was a member of Parliament from 1935 to 1968. He served as a cabinet minister for three prime ministers & was heavily influential in the creation of Universal Healthcare. Image
20. Wellie Chretien (Jean Chretien)

Jean's father was a major influence on him. While the family grew up poor, he wanted his children to escape the working-class life. He made Jean read the dictionary as a young boy. He was also a lifelong Liberal.

No picture found.
19. George Thomas Campbell (Kim Campbell)

Kim's father was born in Scotland and worked as a barrister. He had served with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada during the Second World War.
After Kim's mother left when Kim was 12, George raised Kim & her sister.

No picture found.
18. Benedict Martin Mulroney (Brian Mulroney)

Benedict Mulroney worked as a paper mill electrician in Baie-Comeau, Quebec. He often worked overtime & also ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children to attend university. Image
17. Leonard Hugh Turner (John Turner)

Leonard, an English journalist, unfortunately died of a botched operation when John was still a toddler. Frank Ross, the future Lt. Governor of British Columbia, became John's stepfather in 1945 when John was 16. ImageImage
16. Charles Clark (Joe Clark)

Charles was a newspaper publisher in High River, Alberta, where he established the High River Times. The newspaper still exists. Joe (pictured here as a baby) worked at his dad's newspaper in several capacities. Image
15. Charles-Emile Trudeau (Pierre Trudeau)

Charles-Emile worked as a lawyer and then grew a fortune by building gas stations around the Montreal area & starting the Automobile Owners' Association.
He died suddenly of pneumonia in 1935 when he was 47. Image
14. Edwin Pearson (Lester B. Pearson)

Edwin was a Methodist, and later United Church, minister. He later became the minister at the Aurora Methodist Church. Edwin is standing to the right. Lester's grandfather Marmaduke, also a minister, is seated. Image
13. William Thomas Diefenbaker (John Diefenbaker)

The son of German immigrants, William Diefenbaker worked as a teacher and had a deep interest in history and politics. Out of the 28 students in his 1903 class, four, including his son, served in Parliament. Image
12. Jean-Baptiste-Moise Saint-Laurent (Louis St. Laurent)

Jean was a prominent person in the village of Compton, Quebec and his home was a social centre. He owned a store in the community, ran for the Quebec Legislature in 1894 & was a staunch Liberal. Image
11. Henry John Bennett (R.B. Bennett)

Henry was a shipbuilder in New Brunswick, but his business did not do well and the family was often short on money. He also attempted to work as a blacksmith, merchant and farmer. He also tried to develop a gypsum mine. Image
10. John King (William Lyon Mackenzie King)

John was a lawyer who had a struggling practice in Berlin (now Kitchener), Ontario. Despite barely making ends meet, he employed servants and tutors in the home. King described his father as providing a happy home. Image
9. Joseph Meighen (Arthur Meighen)

Joseph owned a dairy farm near St. Mary's, Ontario and Arthur said his father instilled in him the value of an education & the importance of habits of industry and thrift.

No picture found.
8. Andrew Borden (Sir Robert Borden)

Andrew was a farmer. He was called by his son, a man of good ability and excellent judgement, who was calm and philosophical. He added he lacked energy & had no aptitude for affairs.

No picture found.
7. Carolus Laurier (Sir Wilfrid Laurier)

Carolus was bilingual and dynamic. He instilled in Wilfrid an interest in politics from an early age. He had several hobbies including astronomy & mathematics. He also served as mayor of the community and a local inventor. Image
6. Charles Tupper Sr. (Sir Charles Tupper)

Charles was the co-pastor of a Baptist Church in Amherst, Nova Scotia. He was also an accomplished Biblical scholar and wrote two books on Biblical Scriptures.

No picture found.
5. John Bowell (Sir Mackenzie Bowell)

John emigrated to Canada with his family when Mackenzie was 10. He worked as a cabinet maker and taught that trade to his son.

No picture found.
4. John Sparrow Thompson (Sir John Sparrow David Thompson)

John made his son recite poetry at school ceremonies and meetings of the Halifax Mechanics' Institute in order to overcome his shyness. He also taught his son shorthand.

No picture found.
3. Joseph Abbott (Sir John Abbott)

Joseph was a prominent Anglican missionary and he wrote two books, one about emigrating to Canada and another that was his memoirs.
His great-great grandson was Christopher Plummer. Image
2. Alexander Mackenzie Sr. (Alexander Mackenzie)

Alexander was a carpenter and ship's joiner who moved frequently for work during the Napoleonic Wars. He died suddenly when his son was only 13, forcing Alexander to end his education to support the family.

No picture found.
1. Hugh Macdonald (Sir John A. Macdonald)

Hugh was an unsuccessful merchant in Glasgow, forcing a move to Upper Canada when John was a child. Hugh then operated a series of businesses in Upper Canada & became the magistrate for Midland District.

No picture found.

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More from @CraigBaird

Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Apr 25
The St. Lawrence Seaway was one of the most important construction projects in Canadian history.
It allows ships to reach the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean, but the project came at a cost to 6,500 Canadians.
This is the story of The Lost Villages.

🧵 1/17 Aerial view of a wide waterway with two large cargo ships traveling in the same direction along a marked channel. The ships have long, flat decks with red cargo holds and white superstructures. The water is bordered by green islands and shoreline vegetation, with narrow strips of land separating channels. In the distance, the waterway continues toward industrial structures and more ships. The sky above is partly cloudy.
During construction, the Moses-Saunders Power Dam was built.
The dam sits on the border of the United States and Canada.
The dam led to rising waters in the area and the forced relocation of 6,500 people from the Lost Villages.

🧵2/17 Black-and-white aerial view of a large canal lock and dam complex under construction. A long row of lock gates and concrete walls stretches across the waterway. In the foreground, a narrower channel with control structures and machinery leads toward the main lock. Surrounding the site are excavated earth, dirt roads, and partially flooded areas. Sparse vegetation and farmland extend into the distance beyond the construction zone.
Residents were paid for the loss of their homes but the prices were low because land prices had fallen due to the anticipated flooding of the communities. Some residents were moved despite a refusal to accept money. In 2008, Ontario Hydro officially apologized.

🧵3/17 Black-and-white photograph of four people standing on a partially flooded roadway or causeway. Two adults stand on the left, with a child between them and another adult on the right. They face toward the left, looking out over the water. The roadway is wet and scattered with debris, and water stretches across both sides of the road. In the distance, low land and a line of trees are visible along the horizon.
Read 18 tweets
Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Apr 6
Today is Tartan Day! The day was first celebrated in 1987 in Nova Scotia and has been celebrated nationally since 2010.
Canada's Official Tartan was designed in 1964 by David Weiser.
Here are the official (and unofficial) tartans of Canada's provinces and territories.

🧵1/16 A repeating tartan pattern made up of large squares in dark red and deep green, intersected by thick beige stripes. Thin black and yellow lines run through the design, creating smaller crosshatched sections within the larger squares. The pattern is evenly spaced and symmetrical across the image.
British Columbia:

This tartan was designed by Eric Ward in 1966 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the union of Vancouver Island and British Colony. It was adopted as the official tartan in 1974. It represents the Pacific Ocean, the forests and the Pacific Dogwood.

🧵2/16 A repeating tartan pattern featuring large red squares intersected with light blue bands. Dark green blocks appear between the red areas, while thin yellow and black lines run throughout the design, forming fine crosshatched details. The pattern is dense, with multiple overlapping stripes creating a layered, symmetrical grid across the image.
Alberta:

The official tartan was designed by Alison Lamb, director of the Edmonton Rehabilitation Society, and Ellen Neilsen, the weaving instructor. It was adopted in 1961. It represents the forests, grain fields and Alberta's official colours.

🧵3/16 A repeating tartan pattern with a light green base, overlaid by darker green squares. Wide pale yellow stripes run both vertically and horizontally, intersected by thin white and blue lines. Fine black lines add additional crosshatching, creating a structured grid of evenly spaced squares across the image.
Read 16 tweets
Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Apr 4
From 1963 to 2009, Canadian Roman Catholic priests took to the ice for charity.
Through 907 games, they raised $4 million and only lost six games.
Not bad for a team whose backup goalie was a horse.
This is the story of the Flying Fathers!

🧵 1/10 A black-and-white photo of a person on an ice rink wearing a nun costume, including a long dark habit and white head covering. The person is skating in a low, forward-leaning position while holding a hockey stick with both hands. One leg is extended behind, and the other is bent, suggesting motion across the ice. A puck is visible near the blade of the stick. The background shows rink boards and a smooth ice surface.
In 1963, two priests from Northern Ontario, Les Costello and Brian McKee, heard about a boy who lost the use of an eye. His mother couldn't cover the medical bills so they organized a charity game to raise money.
Costello had played in the NHL for 15 games in 1948-49.

🧵2/10 A black-and-white portrait of Les Costello. He is smiling, facing slightly toward the camera, with short dark hair neatly styled. He wears a Toronto Maple Leafs hockey sweater featuring a large maple leaf crest with the team name across the front. The background is plain and light, keeping the focus on his face and upper body.
The game raised $5,000 to help the mother. Originally it was supposed to be a one-off event but proved to be so popular it became an annual tradition.
Calling themselves the Flying Fathers and Puckster Priests, they became known for their entertaining antics on the ice.

🧵3/10 A black-and-white photo of a hockey game in progress. In the foreground, a goaltender wearing large leg pads, a blocker, and a mask is positioned in front of the net, crouched and watching the play. A player wearing a jersey with the name Shephard and the number 42 is skating toward the net from the right side, holding a stick and facing the goalie. Another player is partly visible at the left edge of the frame. Behind the net, a man in a dark jersey and cap leans forward over the boards, holding a puck in one hand. Spectators sit in the stands behind glass panels, watching the action. The...
Read 11 tweets
Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Mar 29
In 2006, after the Alberta government had a huge surplus, three million people received a cheque for $400.
Officially called Prosperity Bonus, the cheques were more widely known as Ralph Bucks, named after Premier Ralph Klein.
This is the story.

🧵 1/7 Image
In November 2004, the Progressive Conservatives won their 10th consecutive majority government. While it was another election win for the party, the party was worried after it saw the popular vote fall from 61.9% to 46.8%, its lowest since 1993.

🧵 2/7 Newspaper front page with the headline Klein wins big and a subheadline stating that Liberals and NDP gained seats at the Tories’ expense. A large central photo shows Ralph Klein smiling and raising his hand. On the left is an editorial column titled And now Mr. Premier, what is the plan? On the right, a smaller article discusses a Liberal breakthrough in Calgary with a small portrait of Kevin Taft. Additional text and smaller headlines appear along the bottom of the page.
In September 2005, Premier Ralph Klein announced that the province had a $6.8 billion surplus due to high oil and gas prices. This was far above the $2.8 billion that was previously estimated in the 2005-06 budget, and part of that would go to Albertans.

🧵 3/7 Ralph Klein standing outdoors in front of a building entrance, wearing a dark suit, white shirt, and patterned tie. He faces slightly to the left with a neutral expression while speaking to reporters. Several microphones are held up toward him, including one with a visible Global logo. Glass doors and part of the building facade appear in the background.
Read 8 tweets
Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Mar 21
From 1928 to 1972, the Alberta Eugenics Board imposed sterilization on individuals deemed by an appointed board to be "mentally defective".
In that time, 2,832 sterilizations were conducted, the vast majority without consent.
This is the story.

🧵 1/10 Black-and-white photograph of four adults posed outdoors in front of leafy trees. Two people stand in the back row: a woman on the left wearing a light-coloured dress with a cloche-style hat and a corsage pinned to her chest, and a man on the right in a suit and tie with his hands clasped in front of him. In the foreground, two men sit on the ground. The man on the left sits with one knee raised and his arm resting casually on it, while the man on the right sits beside him wearing round eyeglasses and a suit. Both are smiling slightly. The setting appears to be a garden or park, with dens...
In the early-1900s, eugenics was growing in popularity. By the early-1920s, eugenics supporters began to lobby Alberta's ruling party, the United Farmers of Alberta, to implement eugenics legislation. On March 25, 1927, the UFA introduced a sexual sterilization bill.

🧵 2/10 Black-and-white illustration of a large tree labeled Eugenics, with the word displayed prominently across a banner at the top of the tree. The trunk and roots spread outward, with various fields labeled along the roots, including biology, psychology, genetics, anthropology, history, geology, and archaeology. Text on either side of the tree reads Eugenics is the self direction on the left and of human evolution on the right. Additional labels appear among the roots, such as statistics, genealogy, sociology, education, and religion. A caption at the bottom reads Like a tree eugenics draws i...
The bill was opposed by the Conservative and Liberal parties and did not reach second reading. It was reintroduced on Feb. 23, 1928 and passed one month later.
The Act formed the Alberta Eugenics Board, which was chaired by Dr. J.M. MacEachran.

🧵 3/10 Black-and-white close-up portrait of a man outdoors. He is shown from the shoulders up, wearing a suit jacket, collared shirt, and tie. His hair is short and neatly combed, and he has a slight smile. The background is softly blurred with foliage, suggesting a garden or park setting.
Read 11 tweets
Craig Baird - Canadian History Ehx Profile picture
Mar 15
In pre-colonial Canada, the First Nations established many prominent settlements.
Two of the most famous were Hochelaga and Stadacona, located on the sites of Montreal and Quebec City.
These two villages were home to nearly 4,000 people.
This is their story.

🧵 1/9 Overhead view of a detailed scale model showing a circular fortified settlement surrounded by a wooden palisade wall. Inside the enclosure, numerous long, oval-shaped bark-covered longhouses are arranged across an open central area. Narrow pathways run between the buildings, and small figures are placed throughout the village. Outside the palisade, dense forest with green, yellow, and red foliage surrounds the site, suggesting an autumn landscape.
It is not known when Hochelaga first appeared.
Historians believe the village was established at some point between 1200 CE and 1500 CE. The village apparently sat at the base of Mount Royal, and was surrounded by farmland.

🧵2/9 Historical illustration showing a gathering of Indigenous people and European men near a wooden structure in a village setting. In the foreground, a woman wearing a long patterned garment bends toward a small child standing beside her. To the right, a man stands on a ladder leaning against a wooden wall while another woman stands nearby. In the middle distance, a European man in a blue coat holds a flag with white cross symbols while other men stand behind him carrying flags and staffs. Around them, numerous Indigenous men and women stand or walk through the scene, many wearing traditional ...
The size of the village varied by the time of year. When Jacques Cartier arrived in 1535 it had between 1000 and 3000 people.
Within the village there was at least 50 homes, according to Cartier.
Each home measured 15 metres in length and 3.5-4.5 metres in width.

🧵3/9 Colour historical illustration depicting a meeting between European explorers and an Indigenous community in a large village. In the foreground, a bearded European man in armor kneels and speaks with an Indigenous man seated on the ground while other Indigenous men sit nearby watching. Behind them stand European soldiers in helmets and armor holding flags and weapons. The background shows rows of longhouses enclosed by a tall wooden palisade, with many people gathered throughout the settlement. Forested hills rise in the distance under a pale sky.
Read 10 tweets

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