Digital platforms have become “economic toll bridges” for commerce. Treating them as essential facilities & requiring interoperability would strengthen competition online.

🔊 My piece on Essential Platforms, now published by @StanfordTechLR. #antitrust

papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf… #GAFA behave just like the railroads did 100 years ago. Instead of physical infrastructure, like bridges and tunnels, the digital platforms leverage network effects that shield them from effective competition. Instead of the American West, the platforms foreclose the Internet.