#Kwibuka26 Digital Commemoration
We start our Genocide Education with Gregory Stanton's 10 Stages of Genocide.
I'll be explaining what happens at each stage and sharing examples from the Genocide against t the Tutsi, and the Holocaust
But first, a few notes:
#Thread
We start our Genocide Education with Gregory Stanton's 10 Stages of Genocide.
I'll be explaining what happens at each stage and sharing examples from the Genocide against t the Tutsi, and the Holocaust
But first, a few notes:
#Thread
Note 1: Genocide NEVER just happens. It is always the result of a long process of preparation, that takes years, if not dozens of years. That is why it is important to understand how it occurs, in order to prevent further occurences
Note 2: These stages are not linear. Although it's often the case, one stage doesn't necessarily occur after the other. They can occur simultaneously.
Furthermore, one stage doesn't stop the moment another begins. All of them remain operational throughout the genocidal process
Furthermore, one stage doesn't stop the moment another begins. All of them remain operational throughout the genocidal process
1. CLASSIFICATION
It is fundamental human behavior to distinguish people by various categories (race, religion, political affiliation, gender, nationality, economic class...).
This in itself is not a bad thing, because it helps people have a structured understanding of society
It is fundamental human behavior to distinguish people by various categories (race, religion, political affiliation, gender, nationality, economic class...).
This in itself is not a bad thing, because it helps people have a structured understanding of society
The problem becomes when these categories become the basis of an "Us vs Them" outlook. This often denies, the categories a previously existing mobility, and they then become the basis of divisions.
This change in attitude towards another group can be brought about by a variety of factors, which we'll explore more in the Continuum of Violence.
Now a prevention method at this stage is promoting universalistic institutions that promote tolerance, understanding, and categories that trascend these divisions.
In the case of Rwanda, this would have meant promoting a national identity, that trascended the Hutu, Tutsi & Twa
In the case of Rwanda, this would have meant promoting a national identity, that trascended the Hutu, Tutsi & Twa
identities. The Catholic Church held enough sway over the population to play this unifying role, but unfortunately, it played the opposite role of cementing the divisive identities.
2. SYMBOLIZATION
Again, symbolization is universally human. It's a visual representation of one's identity (like the Rwandan umushanana, or the Jewish Star of David).
But when coupled with genocidal intent, these symbols quickly become am instrument of hate, or of dehumanization
Again, symbolization is universally human. It's a visual representation of one's identity (like the Rwandan umushanana, or the Jewish Star of David).
But when coupled with genocidal intent, these symbols quickly become am instrument of hate, or of dehumanization
In this instance symbols are often forced on an unwilling pariah group, thus helping the oppressing group to single them out for abuse
That's how German & Polish Jews were forced to wear the Star of David in 1939 under threat of severe punishment if they didn't wear it in public
That's how German & Polish Jews were forced to wear the Star of David in 1939 under threat of severe punishment if they didn't wear it in public
For Eastern Cambodians, deemed by the Khmer Rouge to have "Cambodian bodies but Vietnamese heads", the blue checkered scarf was their Yellow Star.
Every man, woman and child was issued one and forced to wear it at all times. These became the easiest markers of those fated to die
Every man, woman and child was issued one and forced to wear it at all times. These became the easiest markers of those fated to die
In the case of Rwanda, physical attributes and ID cards became the identifying symbols of who was who.
Symbolization also works in the opposite direction, giving the oppressing group a standard or banner of their "cause" to rally under. Such was the case of the Nazi Swastika
Symbolization also works in the opposite direction, giving the oppressing group a standard or banner of their "cause" to rally under. Such was the case of the Nazi Swastika
3. DISCRIMINATION
At this stage, the dominant group uses an array of tools at its disposal (laws, customs, political power) to roll back or even completely suppress the rights of the oppressed group(s)
In Nazi Germany, the 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship
At this stage, the dominant group uses an array of tools at its disposal (laws, customs, political power) to roll back or even completely suppress the rights of the oppressed group(s)
In Nazi Germany, the 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship
(and hence citizenship rights), declaring them "enemies of the state" and effectively making them stateless in their own country. As such they could not secure government jobs or be employed by universities.
The laws also banned marriages and even sex between Germans and Jews.
The laws also banned marriages and even sex between Germans and Jews.
These laws (and punishments to go with) economically & socially crippled Jews, whose stores closed for lack of customers and whose middle class was all but destroyed by being forced to take up menial jobs
In Rwanda, discrimination was institutionalized by the Kayibanda regime
In Rwanda, discrimination was institutionalized by the Kayibanda regime
by only availing the Tutsi 9% of high school and university seats, as well as civil service jobs. Habyarimana initially abolished the policy, but had reinstated it by the 80s as "Iringaniza".
This denied many Tutsi education and employment opportunities
This denied many Tutsi education and employment opportunities
A modern day example of discrimination is the continued denial of citizenship of Myanmar's over 1 million Rohingya people under the country's 1982 Nationality Law.
The Rohingya's rights to freedom of movement, state education and civil service jobs are also restricted.
The Rohingya's rights to freedom of movement, state education and civil service jobs are also restricted.
4. DEHUMANIZATION
The dominant group uses various methods to deny the humanity of the oppressed group, often equating members of the latter group to animals, insects, vermin, diseases...
This often happens under the guise of "free speech" and through heavy media propaganda.
The dominant group uses various methods to deny the humanity of the oppressed group, often equating members of the latter group to animals, insects, vermin, diseases...
This often happens under the guise of "free speech" and through heavy media propaganda.
In Rwanda, the RTLM radio and newspapers like Kangura were used to portray Tutsi as snakes and cockroaches, bloodthirsty and untrustworthy fiends, and much much more.
In a society not known for its drawing prowess, caricature took on a whole new meaning👇🏾
In a society not known for its drawing prowess, caricature took on a whole new meaning👇🏾
Jews were also compared to rats, often drawn with grossly misshapen faces, portrayed as money loving and more
The purpose of dehumanizing propaganda is simple: the more a person's "less than human" nature is empashized, the less human they appear.
And now the thought of killing them doesn't repulse you as much, does it? After all, they're only cockroaches that you need to get rid of...
And now the thought of killing them doesn't repulse you as much, does it? After all, they're only cockroaches that you need to get rid of...
5. ORGANIZATION
Genocide is always organized. It requires meticulous planning, usually by the state.
Special army units or militias are created and trained and armed for this purpose. It was the case of MRND's Interahamwe and CDR's Impuzamugambi in Rwanda, the SA and SS in Nazi
Genocide is always organized. It requires meticulous planning, usually by the state.
Special army units or militias are created and trained and armed for this purpose. It was the case of MRND's Interahamwe and CDR's Impuzamugambi in Rwanda, the SA and SS in Nazi
Germany, and the Croatian Ustase militia.
The Dallaire "Genocide Fax" of 11 Jan 1994 detailed the existence of Interahamwe training for the purpose of killing Tutsi, the existence of kill lists and that of weapons caches. It was never acted on. More here bit.ly/2XlicJS
The Dallaire "Genocide Fax" of 11 Jan 1994 detailed the existence of Interahamwe training for the purpose of killing Tutsi, the existence of kill lists and that of weapons caches. It was never acted on. More here bit.ly/2XlicJS
6. POLARIZATION
Here, extremists and hate groups increase polarizing propaganda efforts to drive the groups further apart.
A favorite tactic is to stoke fear and a sense of self preservation in their audience to make it seem like the imminent murder spree is just self defence
Here, extremists and hate groups increase polarizing propaganda efforts to drive the groups further apart.
A favorite tactic is to stoke fear and a sense of self preservation in their audience to make it seem like the imminent murder spree is just self defence
They make this polarization physical by banning or highly discouraging intermarriage or social interaction.
Two examples are the aforementioned Nuremberg Laws, and Joseph Gitera's "10 Commandments of the Hutu" published in Kangura by Hassan Ngeze (English translation below)
Two examples are the aforementioned Nuremberg Laws, and Joseph Gitera's "10 Commandments of the Hutu" published in Kangura by Hassan Ngeze (English translation below)
The often kill arrest or otherwise intimidate moderates from their own group into silence, as these are most able to galvanize public opinion away from the killing frenzy.
In Nazi Germany, before 1941, concentration camps were mostly full of political dissidents and opponents
In Nazi Germany, before 1941, concentration camps were mostly full of political dissidents and opponents
7. PREPARATION
It is at this stage that the "Final Solution" for the targeted group is planned.
Planners use cloaked language like "purification" and "ethnic cleansing" (both favorites of Slobodan Milosevic) to hide their true intention: Genocide!
It is at this stage that the "Final Solution" for the targeted group is planned.
Planners use cloaked language like "purification" and "ethnic cleansing" (both favorites of Slobodan Milosevic) to hide their true intention: Genocide!
The general population of the dominant group is conditioned through indoctrination and increased fear stoking to welcome, and even participate in, the oncoming bloodbath. Armies are built and weapons are bought.
The plan to exterminate the Jews was conceived at the 20 January 1942 Wannsee Conference by Reihnard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann.
Hannah Arendt wrote a book about the latter's trial (Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil). Find it here bit.ly/34naFvn
Hannah Arendt wrote a book about the latter's trial (Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil). Find it here bit.ly/34naFvn
In Rwanda, in addition to founding and bankrolling both RTLM amd Kangura, Felicien Kabuga oversaw the importing of 500,000 machetes between January 1993 and March 1994. Roughly 1 of every 3 adult Hutu in the country, going by the day's statistics.
He's still running from justice
He's still running from justice
8. PERSECUTION
The dominant group erodes the oppressed group's right even more by intensifying discriminatory measures like symbolization, expropriating the group's property, deportations to prison camps or remote, famine-struck regions, etc.
The dominant group erodes the oppressed group's right even more by intensifying discriminatory measures like symbolization, expropriating the group's property, deportations to prison camps or remote, famine-struck regions, etc.
In Nazi occupied Europe starting 1940, Jews were moved from their homes to ghettoes like the Warsaw ghetto (pictured) where about 90,000 died of hunger and hunger related diseases caused by Nazis who exremely limited their food rations and medical supplies
Another occurrence at this stage is genocidal "trial" massacres. We'll talk about the impact of these massacres combined with the presence of passive bystanders on the killers psyche in our discussion on the Continuum of Violence
The Tutsi endured many of these massacres
The Tutsi endured many of these massacres
1959
1963
The 1964 reprisal killings against a Tutsi refugee incursion
The 1973 massacres of Tutsi students and professors (mostly)
The 1991 torture and killings os suspected "ibyitso"
The 1991 Bagogwe massacres
The 1992 protest massacres against the Arusha Peace Accords
1963
The 1964 reprisal killings against a Tutsi refugee incursion
The 1973 massacres of Tutsi students and professors (mostly)
The 1991 torture and killings os suspected "ibyitso"
The 1991 Bagogwe massacres
The 1992 protest massacres against the Arusha Peace Accords
9. EXTERMINATION
It's at this stage that the genocide begins. Given that Genocide is often state sponsored, armed forces often work with militias to carry out killings.
Given also that Genocide is an intemt to exterminate an entire group of people, only swift, overwhelming
It's at this stage that the genocide begins. Given that Genocide is often state sponsored, armed forces often work with militias to carry out killings.
Given also that Genocide is an intemt to exterminate an entire group of people, only swift, overwhelming
military response can stop the killings. The problem is that often, regional or international powers while trying to protect their interests, get steeped into semantics in order to avoid decisive action, while people die.
Notice that genocidal forces never use the word Genocide
Notice that genocidal forces never use the word Genocide
to describe their actions. It's "extermination" and "cleansing" because they have already stripped the victims of their humanity.
10. DENIAL
This stage begins with the Genocide itself and always follows it. Perpetrators do everything to deny their crimes.
They try to hide evidence by burning the bodies of victims (as was the practice in several Nazi death camps). Theybdeny they committed any crimes and
This stage begins with the Genocide itself and always follows it. Perpetrators do everything to deny their crimes.
They try to hide evidence by burning the bodies of victims (as was the practice in several Nazi death camps). Theybdeny they committed any crimes and
Invent theories intent on blaming the victims: Double genocide, Civil war, the victims directly initiated their own extermination....
Those brought to justice often resort to witness intimidation. There documented instances of this occurring during the Gacaca and ICTR trials
Those brought to justice often resort to witness intimidation. There documented instances of this occurring during the Gacaca and ICTR trials
Now, I'm sorry to say that this stage never actually ends.
The Turkish government has yet to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, there are still neo-nazis who deny the Holocaust ever happened. And we Rwandans are confronted on a daily with the most outrageous theories & claims
The Turkish government has yet to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, there are still neo-nazis who deny the Holocaust ever happened. And we Rwandans are confronted on a daily with the most outrageous theories & claims
But something can still be done to counter deniers' efforts.
1. Justice provides accountability, despite denial
2. Creating truth commissions that provide incentives for perpetrators to confess (as was done with Gacaca)
3. Making comprehensive genocide education a part of the
1. Justice provides accountability, despite denial
2. Creating truth commissions that provide incentives for perpetrators to confess (as was done with Gacaca)
3. Making comprehensive genocide education a part of the
education curriculum.
4. Lobby for laws criminalizing denial and revisionism to act as a deterrent for deniers.
5. And on an individual level: Educating ourselves as much as possible about the history of the Genocide, making efforts to collect and document it through whatever
4. Lobby for laws criminalizing denial and revisionism to act as a deterrent for deniers.
5. And on an individual level: Educating ourselves as much as possible about the history of the Genocide, making efforts to collect and document it through whatever
Means possible.
This is the end of my thread.
Tomorrow we discuss the Continuum of Violence, which focuses more on behaviors, societal and cultural factors that make Genocide possible
This is the end of my thread.
Tomorrow we discuss the Continuum of Violence, which focuses more on behaviors, societal and cultural factors that make Genocide possible
