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Canadian philosopher Heather Marsh's Response to EU Commission on fake news is still very much relevant today.

Especially with the conversation if social media outlets are obligated to or should be able to identify fake-news (disinformation). #cdnpoli georgiebc.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/res…
"In your opinion, which criteria should be used to define fake news for the purposes of scoping the problem?"

- define non-fake news; open, sourced, audited information.
- platform-independent knowledge repositories.
"Please specify which categories of fake news are more likely to cause harm to society."

-All categories of intentional disinformation are harmful.

HM: "People who have lost trust or access to knowledge will blindly follow demagogues and ideology as we are increasingly seeing."
"What are the main economic, social and technology-related factors which, in the current news media landscape, contribute to the increasing spread of fake news?"

-Celebrity amplified over expertise.
-Filtering is left to corporate algorithms.
-Platform dependency.
-Info-farming
"Why are measures taken by tech companies not so effective in combating fake news?"

-Tech-savvy misinformation campaigns.
-‘Debunking’ claims used to spread misinformation.
-Erosion of public trust in information.
"What precautions should readers take when reading and sharing news online?"

-Unrealistic for readers to invest the time required to fact check the information they ingest daily. Will erode their trust in any information & their engagement on important topics.
- Study required.
"What should be done to reduce the spread of disinformation online?"

-A universal database commons is needed which can help to create a platform-independent, collaborative, knowledge repository as explained in the links at end and on getgee.xyz
"Which measures could online platforms take in order to improve users’ access to reliable information and prevent the spread of disinformation online?"

-Not job of online platforms.
-Need platform-independent universal database commons.
-Corporate monopolies over info=bad idea.
"which measures could news media organizations take in order to improve the reach of reliable information and prevent the spread of disinformation online?"

-Online collaborative knowledge repositories.
-Collaborate with other orgs + sources.
-Journalism should increase quality.
"In your view, which measures could civil society organizations take in order to support reliable information and prevent the spread of disinformation online?"

-Government’s job to ensure that public can create open info and support infrastructure to create a universal database.
"What actions, if any, should be taken by public authorities to counter the spread of fake news, and at what level should such actions be taken?"

-Support universal database commons which will allow us platform independent collaboration on information. getgee.xyz
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