Actually,we heat our passive house with 1(one) 2.2 kW Minisplit-unit with an investment of less than 2500€ incl. installation.Even if you would use 2 of these (you'd never need more in a #Passivhaus), it's extraordinarely cheap. Total el consumption: 1072(heating)+56kWh(cooling)
There is NO problem if all buildings would use el for such heatpumps (if built to PH standard): max. electric power 525 W (!); no problem for the grid and no problem for a fully renewabale energy generation in this grid. (Your cooking plate has 2000W. )
Uninsulated homes: 4 to 8 times that max. load. Some transmission lines would melt (literally). No place for so many wind-generators; whith a lot of excess electricity during summer.
And, by the way: you simply can't compensate for this by higher SPF of the heat-pumps: There are physical limits for that given by Carnot. The better insulation of the buildings and the MVHR are prerequisites.
Some might think to see a contradiction here with a following tweet (4 times the load - transmisson lines melt). Of coure these don't in case of the cooking plates - but never all of those run at the same time for hours... what will be the case for the heatpumps.
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#Passivhaus has always recommended 30 m³/Person/h fresh air supply. The air exchange rates given by this will be different in a school/a kindergarden/an office (with e.g. only 1 person sitting there).
@fionnstevenson@ElrondBurrell@Conversation Do the math! In a typical school room that will be 3...6 ach. But, keep in mind, what you can implicitly read in that article: Even the highest vent.-rate will not 100% protect you; yo'll have to wear a mask, too. Because the droplets are in the airstream; and still can hit you
As mentioned in the paper: These are outliers, you can easy detect these by your naked eye. There might be outliers also on the "low end"... but, that's irrelevant, because consumption<0 won't happen.
Therefore, outliers on both sides contribute to higher mean value than actually present in this distribution. ( I'll try to quantify later.) Actually, this will not change any of the conclusions of the paper, on the contrary: It will give even more confidence.
Now, we just could say: "We don't care about these outliers, because there's almost no impact on the success for climate change mitigation" - and I agree; and that is also the position of the authors of the paper.
@MarkSiddallRIBA@BarryMcCarron Another independent result confirming [Uhlig 2014]. The measurements have been made in a region with high radon actcivity in the soil. With HRV running, indoor Rn-activity just around the values of external air. Without HRV: see yourself.
@MarkSiddallRIBA@BarryMcCarron What removes Rn also removes other indoor air pollutants: VOC,smells,dust (&the germs connected to dust).The removal rates are similar. Of course,also indoor CO2 is reduced(although that's not a 'pollutant').In one sentence: Indoor air in passive houses has an improved quality.
@MarkSiddallRIBA@BarryMcCarron Important remark: It's not just the HRV. It's all of the following: (1) really air tight envelope
(to avoid uncontrolled leckage: e.g. Rn coming in) (2) pure balanced fresh air ventilation (no recirc. air) (3) quality approved (i.e. PH certified) HRV system
@buildingphysics@PassiveHouseBB@the_iPHA@phplusmag 2/6 Why not inherent?Because it's of minor importance.The solution of the climate-crisis is to reduce climate-gas emissions as far as possible (to almost zero in 50yrs).This is best done by improving efficiency (a factor 10 is doable). #Passivehouse concentrates on this potential
@buildingphysics@PassiveHouseBB@the_iPHA@phplusmag 3/6 This would be sufficent to solve the problem,because there are enough renewable resources for supply of the remaining very low demand (1/10). But: To reach the goal even faster, we support introducing renewable energy fast.
1a It's always easier to accept this, if you look into the past: The geocentric bias was hard to eovercome e.g.. As was the absolute space bias (--> relativity theory)...
@ClarkAllister@douglasbholt@Dr2NisreenAlwan 2) BUT: The scientific method is specifically designed to make it possible to overcome the bias. That has been working several times. Not that it's easy, we always had unpleasant debates. It always was worth it (that would be another thread).
Now: The following article from Björn Smedman was already published April 11th - now already almost a month ago. In contrast to the assumptions of Tegnell and Giesecke this article has aged well, what is factually very sad.
From this article its the first time I understand there the wrong assumptions from the Swedish CDC came from; I thought, that these had been pure speculation; but, I have to apologize, it's not. It was based on facts - but these there interpreted really wrong.
The basic wrong assumption was, that Wuhan had already reached herd-immunity in January and that the lock-down of Wuhan was just futile; the epidemic would have stoped anyhow there.