Flavius Valens was born in 328 to an Illyrian soldier in Pannonia. Unlike his elder brother Valentinian who was an active Roman soldier, Valens was a virtual unknown, until his brother nominated him as his imperial colleague in the East in 364. 1/10
Valentinian was a consensus choice, acclaimed as Augustus by the troops, when Jovian had suddenly died. Jovian had been Augustus for less than a year and was acclaimed by the troops when Julian died. His major reform was the re-adoption of Christianity as the state religion. 2/10
Constantine had established Christianity as the state religion in 313, standardizing it in the Council of Nicaea in 325. Though Valens was a Christian, he did not follow the Nicene Creed, adopting his religion from the teachings of the outlawed priest Arius instead. 3/10
When Constantine opened borders in 332 to allow Germanic tribes come in as labourers in an Empire depopulated by civil war, they and their counterparts north of the Rhine-Danube border adopted Christianity. But they followed the teachings of an Arian gothic priest, Wulfila. 4/10
Fear of the Huns would push the entire Germanic horde south of the Danube border seeking asylum, to Valens. Eyeing an ally in his war against the Sassanid Persia, he let them resettle in Thrace. But as the horde vastly outnumbered their hosts, Valens had to meet them in war. 5/10
The 378 Battle of Adrianople ended in a disastrous defeat for Valens, who would also die in battle. His imperial colleague in the west, Theodosius, would take over the rule in the East inviting the Germanic tribes into the Empire as foederati. 6/10
Recognizing that the Arian faith of Valens caused distrust among the Roman populace, Theodosius, after another Council in 381 (in Constantinople this time), decreed the Nicene creed of Christianity to be the official religion of the Empire (as amended). 7/10
The next century would see Germanic tribes carve out the Empire as client states of Rome. These nations continue even now. Franks, Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Burgundians and Lombards were among the better known Germanic tribes that displaced the Western Empire. 8/10
Though the Nicene creed would remain the official state religion, the Germanic tribes would remain mostly Arian as the Western Empire collapsed, slowly switching only in the sixth century. 9/10
The Eastern Empire would largely escape the migration of the Germanic tribes. Though it would be displaced by their descendants between 1204-1261, the Empire in the East would last till 1453 when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans, almost 1,000 years after Valens was fell. 10/10
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When Christian was born in 1426, it was not expected he will go on to rule a kingdom, let alone three. His father was the Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst in the Holy Roman Empire and his mother was the daughter of the Count of Holstein Rendsburg and Duke of Schleswig. 1/10
The deposition of King Erik of the Kalmar Union & the sudden death of his successor Christopher in 1448 left a power vacuum in Scandinavia. The Swedes elected Karl Bonde as King Charles VIII, while the Danish crown was offered to Adolf, Duke of Schleswig & Christian's uncle. 2/10
Next is a German courtier whose desire to be part of the German Parliament led to the creation of a present day country, one that is among the top in the world in per capita income.
Karl von Liechtenstein came from a long line of Austrian nobles that traces their origins to the time when Babenbergs ruled Austria. When they died out, they initially backed the Bohemian king who was closely related to the Babenbergs, who granted them Nikolsburg in Bohemia. 1/10
But by 1278 they backed the winning side, the Habsburgs, who ruled Austria till 1918. Over time they gained Feldsberg, also in Bohemia, which served as the base for the House of Liechtenstein till the 20th century. 2/10
I will be writing next about a Byzantine princess who bridged the East West divide and helped setting in motion a religious shift in an Asian nation that has significant geopolitical ramifications even now.
Princess Theodora was the daughter of Emperor Alexios Ioannes IV of Trebizond and his Georgian wife, one of the rump states formed out of the former Byzantine Empire, when it collapsed after the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the Latin Crusaders. 1/10
Though the Greeks recovered Constantinople in 1261, the Komneni of Trebizond were left largely to fend for themselves, becoming vassals of Georgia and the Horde and with marital alliances with their neighbours. 2/10
Next up another Queen who brought a semblance of unity to few countries; a unity which did not last in terms of geography, but has lasted in many societal development aspects.
Princess Margrethe was born in 1353 as the sixth child (and the third to reach adulthood) of King Valdemar of Denmark and his wife Euphemia of Pomerania. When she died in 1412 she would unite all the Scandinavian countries under one crown. 1/10
In 1363, ten year old Margrethe married 23 year King Haakon of Norway, whose father Magnus was the King of Sweden. When Magnus died in 1364, Albrecht of Mecklenburg usurped the throne with the help of rebellious nobles. 2/10
Next up is a Queen who was deemed mad by her father, husband and son, but was the first to rule another major European nation as we see in the maps today. She would spend most of her regnal years confined, while her sons ruled nations that you can't count with your hands.
When Princess Juana was born in 1479 as the third child (and second daughter) of her parents, she was never expected to rule. Though she became the Queen of two nations, she would never really rule either. 1/10
Her mother, Isabella, was the regnant Queen of Castile, while her father, Ferdinand, ruled Aragon. With the conquest of Granada in 1491, her parents had completed the 700 year war to reclaim the Iberian peninsula in the name of the Church (Reconquista). 2/10
Next, I will be writing about a Roman Emperor whose bickering with his brothers led to the formation of two present day European nations while a region that takes his name has changed nationality multiple times, over the last 1,000 years.
In 843, Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I converged on Verdun to meet his brothers Louis and Charles to close their 3 year Civil War.
The Treaty they signed would also form the core for two present day European nations - France and Germany. 1/10
Proclaimed as Co Emperor by Louis I in 817, civil war was not new for Lothair. The 817 proclamation led to his first civil war; one by his illegitimate cousin Bernard, King of Italy.
Louis cruelly got rid of his nephew, an event which left a lifelong regret & a penance. 2/10