In these control counties, we estimate the relationship between COVID-19 in the weeks after the rally and various conditions, such as pre-existing COVID-19 prevalence and pandemic related restrictions. (3/N)
We use the estimated model to predict post-event confirmed COVID-19 cases for the rally county. The difference between the actual and predicted incidence is an estimate of the treatment effect. We then calculate the average treatment effect across event counties. (4/N)
For most matching procedures, the average treatment effect implies that the 18 rallies subsequently increased confirmed cases by more than 250 per 100,000 residents. Extrapolating to the population, the rallies resulted in more than 30,000 incremental COVID-19 cases. (5/N)
Applying county-specific post-event death rates, we conclude that the rallies likely led to more than 700 deaths (not necessarily among attendees). (6/N)
To test for pre-trends and whether our method systematically mispredicts for event counties, we perform the same analysis for "placebo events" 10 weeks before the actual events. The pseudo-treatment effects are small, slightly negative, and statistically insignificant. (7/N)