1/11
I really like @FTX_Official and their flexibility, but let’s see how it started. One of their most interesting innovations during their launch were leveraged tokens - tokenized margin positions with daily rebalancing. Image
2/11
It’s worth noting that leveraged tokens were launched by @AlamedaResearch about two months before FTX launched them. They even got their own website: leveragedtokens.com Image
3/11
In fact, the operation mechanism of the tokens, with the exception of tokenization, was transferred from the traditional market - where such an instrument is called a leveraged ETF. Image
4/11
Notably, crypto leveraged ETFs appeared on the Crypton exchange almost a year earlier. Apparently, this was an unsuccessful attempt to launch a crypto exchange by Alameda at the end of May 2018. Image
5/11
After the FTX launch, Crypton was shut down on June 10, 2019, although the home page mentioning leveraged ETFs and spot markets is still available. It also mentions the exchange’s token, Crypton Coin, which apparently never existed on the blockchain. Image
6/11
The two mentioned exchanges also link at least four things:
- using the Material Design style, which Alameda also uses on the OTC portal and the leveraged tokens website.
- mention of FTX in the upper left corner of the Crypton API documentation. Image
7/11
- the presence of tickers in the responses of the still working API, which could appear only after the exchange was shutting down and are available only on FTX, for example, ADADOOM-TRYB. Image
8/11
- test deploy of leveraged tokens. Instruments on Crypton had position names that were not familiar to us, like BULL or BEAR. Instead, the names of the positions contained the name of the ETF and its leverage, for example BTC3X, which means 3X long BTC ETF. => Image
9/11
Simultaneously with the release of the leveraged tokens whitepaper in March 2019, test tokens appeared on Ethereum, which had a name format similar to those on Crypton. => ImageImage
10/11
3 days after that, the BULL token was launched, which is a 3X long BTC position on FTX. The contract code is identical, except for a small refactoring and the addition of two public variables to the contract, storing info about the underlying asset and leverage. Image
11/11
To sum up, there is an irrefutable link between FTX and the little-known Crypton. The question remains, was it an unfortunate ancestor of FTX, or did Alameda, which also provides MM services, eventually buy Crypton and evolved it into FTX? I think @SBF_Alameda can answer it

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More from @FrankResearcher

26 Dec
1/6
Currently, 49% of addresses eligible to claim $1INCH tokens have done so.

They took 75% of what was originally available on a $1INCH distributor smart contract. This is primarily because many big claimers are liquidity providers, and they needed to create markets. Image
2/6
The chart shows the distribution of the first actions which were taken by the wallet owners with all their 1INCH tokens.

Only 19% are holding tokens or stake them in the @1inchExchange ecosystem.

Almost 25% of wallets sold all their tokens at once after a claim. Image
3/6
29% transferred all their tokens to another address. This is because these are mainly additional user wallets.

The “Others” includes wallets that performed actions with parts of the claimed tokens, such as sending tokens to several addresses or selling them in parts.
Read 6 tweets
23 Nov
1/9
Today I’m starting a new chapter in my life by joining @TheBlock__ family as a Research Analyst. I am very grateful to @lawmaster and all the rest of the team who supported the materials that I published here.
Also from today, I will be using my real name Igor on Twitter.
2/9
All articles on Medium and the most interesting threads that were written as Frank will be listed below with a few comments. Take a few minutes of your time to find out about how Blockstack faked users or what MEV transactions look like. Let’s go.
3/9
The announcement that @blockstack has over 1 million users was just ridiculous, so I wondered if I could find anything on their blockchain.
Apparently, the answer should have been news of the integration of Firechat (fc-). The messenger is now dead.
medium.com/@FrankResearch…
Read 9 tweets
17 Nov
1/8
6 hours ago, there was another attack using flash loan, this time @OriginProtocol was affected. This attack is similar to Akropolis hack, because the problem is in re-entrancy and use of a fake token. All of this was needed to manipulate rebasing. Let’s see how it happened:
2/8
1. Flash loan 70k ETH from dYdX
2. Swap 17.5k ETH for 7.86 mln USDT on Uniswap
3. Swap 52.5k ETH for 20.99 mln DAI on Uniswap
4. Allow to rebase the attack contract
5. Mint 7.5 mln OUSD with 7.5 mln USDT
3/8
6. Call MintMultiple() function with:
6.1 mint 20.5 mln OUSD with 20.5 mln DAI
6.2 mint 2k OUSD with 2k USDT with rebasing through re-entrancy because the second asset is a fake token
7. Swap 300k OUSD to 158.5k USDT on Uniswap
8. Swap 1 mln OUSD to 520.7k USDT on Sushiswap
Read 8 tweets
30 Sep
1/11 Okay, MEV is coming
MEV is a consequence of the fact that miners (pool operators) have the right to choose the tx order in a block.
They can be the first to:
- execute arbitrage
- get access to token offerings
- perform liquidation
Plus, they may not pay a fee for this.
2/11 As far as I know before, this was mainly used only for free distribution of rewards to miners. In this case, at the beginning of the transaction block, transactions are made to the pool miners, and only then all transactions, in order of decreasing gas price.
3/11 However, the DeFi boom led to the fact that more often, txs with not the highest gas price began to be the first in blocks. In some Spark Pool blocks, the first places in the block were occupied by txs from some address, although the price for gas in them was ~1 gwei.
Read 11 tweets
29 Sep
$ENM hacker used Tornado to fund his address a week ago. Right after that, he claimed $UNI tokens for one of arbitrage contracts and withdrew them to himself in another tx by simulating arb. In theory, this claim could be a hack, which is why a mixer might have been used.
But it was necessary to guess without source code that arb function would help to withdraw $UNI and then use it in a certain way. Because of this, I’m more confident that it was the creator of the arb contract himself - 0x2d033fe
My hypothesis based on on-chain data:

0x223034e = $ENM hacker
0x762bfbd = the contract from which the hacker withdrawn $UNI
0x2d033fe = address of creator of 0x762bfbd
0x2f14f72 = address which funded creator (very likely one owner)
Read 4 tweets
29 Jun
Two random facts about the hack of @BalancerLabs pools:
- the hacker made five 0.1 ETH withdrawals from Tornado, in the first of them relayer was used and the rest using his own address. Consequently, the hacker had experience with Tornado and he made at least 5 deposits there. ImageImage
Currently, there are 1312 unique addresses that deposited 0.1 ETH into Tornado. Of these, 112 made at least 5 deposits. In addition, the number of addresses can be reduced by using heuristics from this paper: arxiv.org/pdf/2005.14051…
It will be cool if someone takes a look at it.
- the contract that withdrew the money from the STA pool couldn't withdraw it from the STONK pool due to an "Out of gas" error. However, after 40 minutes, the hacker rewrote the code and drained funds from the second pool using a new contract. ImageImage
Read 4 tweets

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