Apicius' De Re Coquinaria - a Roman cookbook written c. the 4th century. Let's take a look:
- Make a paste of stewed brains [calf's, pig's, etc], season with pepper, cumin, laser, broth, thickened wine, milk and eggs. Poach it over a weak fire or in a hot water bath.
To make salt meat sweet: you can make salt meats [i.e. meat preserved by salting] sweet by first boiling them in milk and then finishing them in water.
To keep oysters: fumigate a vinegar barrel with pitch, wash it out with vinegar and stack the oysters in it.
Spoiled honey made good: how bad honey may be turned into a saleable article is to mix one part of the spoiled honey with two parts of good honey.
To keep all vegetables green: all vegetables will remain green if boiled with cooking soda.
To keep cooked sides of pork or beef or tenderloins: place them in a pickle of mustard, vinegar, salt and honey, covering meat entirely. And when ready to use you'll be surprised.
- Vegetable dinner, easily digested: green vegetables are suited for this purpose. young beets and leeks are parboiled; arrange them in a baking dish, grind pepper and cumin, add broth and condensed must, heat and finish them on a slow fire, and serve.
- Stuffed sardine: the sardine is boned and filled with crushed flea-bane, several grains of pepper, mint, nuts, diluted with honey, tied or sewed, wrapped in parchment and placed in a flat dish above the steam rising from the stove; season with oil, reduced must and origany.
- Roast suckling pig with honey: empty the pig by the neck, clean and dry, crush one ounce pepper, honey and wine, place this in a sauce pan and heat; next break dry toast and mix with the things in the sauce pan; stir with a whip of fresh laurel twigs so that the paste...
... is nice and smooth until sufficiently cooked. This dressing fill into the pig, wrap in parchment, place in the oven roast slowly, when done, glaze with honey garnish nicely and serve.
- Sole in white wine: beat the sole, prepare and place them in a shallow sauce pan, add oil, broth and wine, and poach them thus; now crush pepper, lovage, origany and add of the fish juice; then bind the sauce with raw eggs yolks to make a good creamy sauce of it...
... strain this over the sole, heat all on a slow fire to fill it with live heat sprinkle with pepper and serve.
Pliny the Younger was invited to a dinner party in Rome in 97-8 AD. He then wrote a letter to tell his friend Avitus all about it:
"It would be a long story, and of no great importance, to tell you by what accident I found myself dining the other day with an individual... /1
... with whom I am by no means intimate, and who, in his own opinion, does things in good style and economically as well, but according to mine, with meanness and extravagance combined. /2
Some very elegant dishes were served up to himself and a few more of us, whilst those placed before the rest of the company consisted simply of cheap dishes and scraps.
There were, in small bottles, three different kinds of wine... /3
Colorized by me: Tank crew with Sherman tank during training maneuvers. Camp Cooke, California. 28 March 1944.
Original is courtesy of Signal Corps.
Photographer: Zoff.
Capt. Richard Dozier with his tank crew front left: Pvt. Don Koerner, Front right T/4 Donald Lipps, back row L to R T/5 Enerson Judge, Cpl. Bob Jaber and Capt. Richard Dozier all of Co. C 710th tank Bn.
Colorized by me: 2nd Battalion, 27th Marines landing on Iwo Jima, World War II.
Original is courtesy of Signal Corps, Bob Campbell.
The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II.
The five-week battle saw some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War.