Casa Grande is a walled ruin in Arizona’s Sonora Desert near the Gila River. It was built around 1350 AD by the Hohokam culture, & and abandoned less than 100 years later. Hohokam were part of the Oasisamerican cultures.
Dozens of Hohokam settlements were built along the Gila River. Extensive irrigation canals were dug to water their crops. They planted corn, beans, squash, tobacco, cotton, & agave. Wild desert plants like palo verde, mesquite, saguaro, prickly pear, & ironwood were also eaten.
Shells from Sea of Cortez & mirrors from tropical Mexico show the Hohokam engaged in trade (perhaps a reason for tobacco & cotton farming?). Also they had ballcourts like those of Mesoamerica (hard to see in the picture).
Chadics had agriculture by the time they fragmented - proto-Chadic has words for “sorghum” & “porridge”. pnas.org/content/pnas/e…
Chadics like Fulani & Hausa have same mutation for adult milk-drinking as Europeans. 3 other mutations in Africa that allow adult milk-drinking: one common in Kenya & Tanzania, another in northeast Africa, & last from Middle East.
Thread with excerpts from “Global Crisis: War, Climate Change, & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century” by Geoffrey Parker
Natural & human archives of the past. Former is what can be determined from ice cores of glaciers, pollen layers & levels in swamps, sizes of rings inside certain trees, & groundwater deposit in caves. Latter is instrumental data, numerical records, archaeological evidence, etc.
As bloody as the world wars were, they weren’t particularly bad by historical standards. The 17th century was uniquely bad for 2nd millennium AD, with Little Ice Age & glut of specie leading to state collapses & population decline across Eurasia.
Falls of Rome & Tang in 1st millennium were worse, but at least they were recorded. Records of the even worse Bronze Age Collapse around 1200 BC barely survived for some areas, & for other regions all we have are archaeological indications that they regressed to the stone age.
Further back in the 3rd millennium BC, an even worse series of catastrophes occurred - the Indo-European invasions - ending the Megalith Builder Civilization with their urban settlements & leaving much of Europe depopulated for 600 years.
Thread with excerpts from “The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe” by Marie-Janine Calic
Translation from original German by Elizabeth Janik. Original title was “Südosteuropa”.
Disputes over the origins of the Romanians & Albanians - did they form in their current areas in ancient or classical times, or are they the result of medieval migrations?
Thread with excerpts from “The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age” by Antonio Sagona
Mountain passes in the Caucasus were glaciated in the last ice age - preventing anyone from crossing.
Swidden (slash & burn) agriculture was common in Georgia & Armenia 4000-3000 BC, reducing tree cover & leaving much charcoal. In 3000 BC the fires abruptly ceased, the forests regrew, & plants associated with the steppe & pastoralism spread in the region.