A new monarch inheriting a mighty nation on the verge of an embarassing defeat, a reformer who reformed too much or too little and an assassination to end all of it.
Aleksándr Nikolayevich was born in 1818 to Nikolai Pávlovich and Princess Charlotte of Prussia. His uncle's death in 1825 brought his father, Nikolai, to the Russian throne. The young Tsarevich grew in a Europe of revolutions, exposed to ideas not common for Russian princes. 1/10
Emperor Nikolai saw the beginning of the slow end of the Ottoman Empire as the Balkan states broke away from it, at times with Russian help. The occupation of Danubian principalities by Russia in 1853 saw Ottomans declare war against Russia. Russia responded in strength. 2/10
The French and the British allied with the Turks and landed in Crimea. As Russians struggled against the better equipped opponents, their Emperor died and Aleksándr became the new Tsar. The defeat at Crimea limited Russian resources, but it was offset by other acquisitions. 3/10
By 1864, Aleksándr had completed the conquest of the Caucasus and enlarged his Empire. He had also made the most path breaking social reform of his reign by then - the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He was setting out to carry out the reforms his uncle couldn't do. 4/10
But the reforms had an undesired impact. The liberal rule in Russia led to an uprising in Poland, which had been ruled separately by the Russian Tsars since 1815, and would lead to its annexation. An assassination attempt in 1866 would result in the slowing of reforms. 5/10
1866 also saw Prussia defeating Austria in battle, entering the final stages of reunification of Germany. Aleksándr's uncle, Wilhelm, was the King of Prussia and gave tacit support to the Prussian cause. In 1867 worried about British threat, Aleksándr sold Alaska to the US. 6/10
The creation of the German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm at its helm gave his nephew a boost. This helped Aleksándr overcome the limitations set after the defeat in Crimea. Soon, Aleksándr was back in the hunt for Constantinople. 7/10
The Russians led a coalition of Balkan semi independent princes against the Ottomans. As Europe watched Aleksándr's progress to the Ottoman capital, the British finally intervened sending battleships to support the Ottomans. This brought Russia back to the drawing board. 8/10
The Treaty of Berlin created new nations in the Balkans and brought back some old ones. The Ottomans were headed for their last leg. But Russia had very little to show for it, as Austria-Hungary continued to exert pressure in the region. 9/10
Having freed the serfs, there were lot of expectations about the reforms from Aleksándr. While he did reorganize the judiciary and bring about more reforms, many were left unsatisfied. Having survived many attempts against his life, he finally met his death in 1881. 10/10
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
A prince brought to the throne by the people who killed his father. Pushed into a continental war that would see the burning of his nation's most famous city, he would leave behind a crown that no one wanted.
Aleksándr Pávlovich was born in 1777 to Pavel Petrovich and Maria Feodorvna. Pavel was the son of the Russian Empress Ekaterina II. Unhappy with her son's views, the Empress tried to get Aleksándr nominated as her heir, bringing him tutors from across Europe. 1/10
As a result, Prince Aleksándr was exposed to liberal ideals at a young age. When his grandmother died in 1796 however, it was his father Pavel who succeeded. But the rule would not be long. Unpopular in Russia, he would be killed by a group of nobles in 1801. 2/10
An heir destined to rule two nations, but becoming King in another three and uniting them under a single monarch (for most part) for the next 400 years.
Władysław was born in 1456 to Kazimierz, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elisabeth von Habsburg. Władysław's mother was the sister of Ladislaus, King of Bohemia, Hungary & Croatia. As the eldest son among 6 (and 5 sisters), he was educated to become a ruler. 1/10
When Ladislaus died childless in 1457, Władysław's parents attempted to claim the thrones. Their claims were rejected, and Hungary (and Croatia, since their crowns were in union) elected Mátyás "Corvinus" Hunyadi as King, while Bohemia elected Jiři Podiebrad. 2/10
A multi lingual heir with ancestries from many nations, a law that gave stability to a nation in times of uncertainty and a resurgence of an empire and a nation.
Václav was born in 1316 to King Jean de Luxembourg of Bohemia and Eliska. He grew up in the French royal court while his father ruled from Prague in Bohemia. His mother was from the last legitimate generation of the Přemyslid dynasty that had ruled Bohemia from beginning. 1/10
His stint in France gave Václav a new name - Karl, and a wife, Blanche de Valois, sister of the future French King Philippe VI. The influential Archbishop of Trier, Baudouin de Luxembourg, took interest in his great nephew's training. 2/10
A rock, a civil war named after forgotten ancient rivalries and a strategy straight out of the Trojan war to create one of the richest countries in the world.
On 8th January 1297, a group of monks came to a castle build on a rock by the sea in Republic of Genoa. Once they were let in, they took out their swords, killed the guards and seized the castle. The "monks" were led by Francesco Grimaldi. 1/10
Francesco and his cousin Raniero had been exiled by the ruling Ghibelline faction of Genoa. They were part of the Guelph faction and their ancestors had ruled Genoa as Consuls. The War of Guelphs and Ghibellines had originated in a different country over a different cause. 2/10
Ludmilla was born around 860 to Slavibor ze Pšova. Around 874, she married Bořiwoj, Duke of Bohemia. Bohemia was a subordinate duchy of Moravia, ruled then by Svatopluk. His death in 894 led to the eventual collapse of the Moravia. 1/10
Bořiwoj and Ludmilla were baptized by the Byzantine Bishop Methodius. Bohemia and Moravia were stuck in between a grand power struggle between the Holy Roman Empire, the Byzantines and the Bulgars, which Svatopluk used to his advantage. 2/10
Willem Hendrik was born in 1650 posthumously to Willem II, Prince of Orange, and Princess Mary Henrietta, the daughter of the beheaded King Charles of England, Scotland & Ireland. His father was also the Stadtholder of 5 of the 7 provinces of Netherlands. 1/10
His father's unexpected death allowed Johan de Witt to gain power as the Grand Pensionary. The next two decades saw the Dutch advance as a commercial power, but the call for return of Willem increased after his uncle's restoration & a declaration of war by Louis of France. 2/10