What is Federalism? And why does it matter? This week, @dfkm1970 presented clear & compelling reflections on Federalism in Uganda. Federalism has a long & rich history. Whether one advocates for federalism, it surely warrants serious historical & contemporary consideration. 1/15
In the 1950s, EMK Mulira wrote extensively on the topic of federalism. He was responsible for helping create the federalist arrangements in Uganda’s 1962 Constitution. In my mind, his most popular case for federalism was expressed in the novel: 2/15
Aligaweesa: Omuvubuka was Uganda Empya (A Youth of the New Uganda). Aligaweesa tells the story of a stranger’s political promotion in Buganda’s ethnic polity. Mulira showed how the terms ‘nationalist’ or ‘citizen’ were identical to the word used in Luganda for ‘stranger’; 3/15
each derived etymologically from –ggwanga. I am pleased to offer the novel here: jonathonearle.com/aligaweesa 4/15
In addition to the novel, there are three additional pamphlets that help outline Mulira’s arguments for federalism in Uganda.

They are:

The Manifesto of the Progress Party: jonathonearle.com/pp-manifesto

5/15
From the Manifesto of the Progressive Party: 6/15
Okwegatta kwa Uganda Pulaani ya Progressive Party: Ffenna Kulwa Uganda: jonathonearle.com/okwegatta

7/15
Okulokola Buganda: jonathonearle.com/okulokola-buga…

8/15
If Federalism is a new topic for you, I am pleased to draw attention to a useful series of free lectures on Federalism in Africa by Professor Jan Erk @UniLeiden:

9/15


10/15


11/15


12/15


13/15


14/15


15/15

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More from @JonathonLEarle

17 Mar
On nature, prophets, the deep past, & national history writing. It is regretful that Matia Kigaanira Ssewannyana Kibuuka has been ignored in much of Uganda’s national history writing. He is one of the most consequential activists of the 1950s, but he is rarely discussed. 1/17
Matia Kigaanira (MK) was born in the mid-1930s. He became a driver for the Trans-Congo/Uganda Company. At the age of 17, while in a restaurant in Fort Portal, the lubaale Kibuuka rested on Kigaanira’s head. Overcome with Kibuuka’s power, 2/17
MK smashed his plate onto the floor & announced his imminent return to Mbaale, where Kibuuka's principal shrine was located. MK’s transformation into the prophet Kibuuka was spectacular. First, MK was a Museenene. But Kibuuka’s shrine in Mbaale was kept by Ndiga elders. 3/17
Read 17 tweets
15 Mar
On Gender, Political Power, & Mubende Hill. On Mubende Hill resides one of the oldest sites of public healing in Uganda’s deep past. And its power continues to emanate. 1/19 Image
Historians have shown how the oldest histories in the area suggested that the female healer, Kamawenge, travelled from Tooro to settle on Kisozi, the name of the location prior to Mubende. 2/19
She produced two sons who sought to govern the site. Their political power was deeply connected w/ the emergence of the Babiito rulers of Bunyoro-Kitara. Indeed, Ndaula/Ndahura Kyarubumbi, one of the last Cwezi spirit rulers, is said to have lived on the hill. 3/19
Read 19 tweets
22 Feb
The Tooro monarchy, whose palace we see here, emerged during the 1820s. Olimi I, a Nyoro prince, set about establishing a separate kingdom. Colonial administrators supported the move, which they believed would undermine Bunyoro’s weakening economy & political sovereignty. 1/8
In this picture, we see Rukirabasaija Daudi Kasagama Kyebambe III in 1897. He secured separate status from Bunyoro. He then extended Tooro’s authority throughout the Rwenzori region. 2/8
At the ideological heart of the movement of creating Tooro were Protestant loyalties w/ the metropole, in addition to claims over the control of the Amabere ga Nyina Mwiru, whose breast milk had nourished the emergence of eastern Africa’s largest & most consequential empire. 3/8
Read 8 tweets
21 Feb
On 19th-century Kkooki: Independent Kingdom or Buganda County? By the mid-1800s, Kkooki was arguably Uganda’s most cosmopolitan kingdom. By the late 1700s, Kkooki’s kibiito kings severed their royal ties with Bunyoro, (Photo: Kamuswaga, 1897) 1/17 Image
the land of their origin. According to the Kkooki intellectual and historian, E.M.K. Mulira, Kkooki’s third king, Mujwiga, sent emissaries to Kabaka Jjunju to secure their dissociation from Bunyoro. 2/17
‘Kamswaga King of Koki with some of his attendants.' Uganda Photographs, c. 1897 – 1903 EEPA-1998-002-0032 Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives National Museum of African Art Smithsonian Institution 3/17 ImageImage
Read 17 tweets
20 Feb
Iron has a very long history in Uganda, as it does in the larger Great Lakes region. For a long time, historians argued that iron smelting-smithing developed first among Bantu statebuilders, offering them an advantage in clearing land, producing food, and organizing war. 1/19
‘Iron Smelting’. Uganda Photographs, c. 1897 – 1903 EEPA 1998-002-0016 Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives National Museum of African Art Smithsonian Institution. 2/19
Much of the existing evidence, though, now shows that Nilo-Saharan communities most likely developed iron-smithing first; later borrowed by Bantu speakers. Archaeological evidence suggests that iron use became common in the interlacustrine region around 500 BCE. 3/19
Read 19 tweets
19 Feb
More on canoes. Hamu Mukasa had a life-long interest in boats. He maintained numerous photographs of them in his private library. Here, we see a few beautiful images from his collection, likely taken between the First & Second World Wars (I think the late 1920s?).
We can see how the government sought to regulate, trace, and tax boat production through the creation of boating licences (notice the numbers on the sides of the boats).
Read 4 tweets

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