2/ At the start of this pandemic transmission by direct contact, close contact via LARGE respiratory droplets, & fomites were emphasized. ...
3/ Airborne transmission by aerosol particles (in near or far fields) was ignored & even downplayed by @WHO and @CDC, despite the fact this pathway represented THE nightmare scenario. This effectively opened the gate for THE nightmare scenario to occur.
4/ Many of us saw this early on and tried to educate the public and policymakers through countless interviews, national webinars, and op-ed pieces. Our efforts during a critical period largely fell on deaf ears.
5/ The frustration was enormous, particularly that very early on evidence all pointed to transmission by aerosols in the near AND far fields as both being extremely important.
6/ Mechanistic models based on aerosol dynamics and fed by parameters based on past and ongoing experiments CLEARLY showed the nightmare scenario unfolding despite continuing resistance by @WHO and @CDC.
7/ In @zeynep's excellent article we read this in relation to @WHO discussions of airborne transmission by aerosol particles: "Throughout the pandemic, the W.H.O. was slow to accept the key role that infectious particles small enough to float could be playing."
8/ "Mary-Louise McLaws, an epidemiologist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and a member of the W.H.O. committees that craft infection prevention and control guidance, wanted all this examined but knew the stakes made it harder to overcome the resistance.
9/ She told The Times last year, “If we started revisiting airflow, we would have to be prepared to change a lot of what we do.” She said it was a very good idea, but she added, “It will cause an enormous shudder through the infection control society.”
10/ So, it would change what they do. It would "cause an enormous shudder through the infection control society." Effectively, it was an inconvenience to @WHO and the infection control society to admit the importance of airborne transmission. It was too hard.
11/ It is difficult to admit failure, to admit wrong. For one, it is an admission of partial culpability for the propagation of a horrific pandemic, the nightmare scenario that continues to ravage some nations.
12/ It is critical that those who are looked upon for guidance CLEARLY understand AND admit they have failed so that (a) they do not do so again, and (b) they can regain the trust of those they serve.
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Remember that whether it is via close contact or far field (same indoor space but not close contact) inhalation dose associated with virus laden aerosol particles is defined by the same variables:
Dosei = Ci x B x t x fi
Let's take a closer look.
2/ For aerosol particles (as opposed to actual virions in those particles), Dosei is the number of particles in size range i that are inhaled and deposited in the respiratory system.
3/ These size-fractionated particle numbers can then be converted to size-fractionated particle volume or total volume in different parts of the respiratory system, as we have done with the safeairspaces.com model.
1/ I have been asked extensively during interviews and by the public about my own personal decisions during this pandemic. I never answer questions like "which air cleaner should I buy?" but do give guidance on those that are proven and what to look for. Some examples.
2/ Do you use a mask outdoors?
From the start of the pandemic I have carried a mask with me when I go outdoors but only wear it if it appears I might come in close contact with someone. This is perhaps 5% of the time. I have avoided crowds for the past 15 months.
3/ Do you have a portable air cleaner in your home?
Yes, we have two very good portable HEPA air cleaners (each with CADR greater than 300 scfm). We purchased these long before the pandemic.
1/ Simple answer = very little for aerosol particles but possibly (in some cases) dispersion that reduces close contact dose. But depending on flow conditions, there can be a low pressure zone on the downstream side that leads to some accumulation of particles.
2/ The risk of people letting their guards down thinking that barriers are somehow effective for aerosol particles is much greater than any benefit, IMHO. Technical answer next.
3/ Is there a benefit in terms of far field exposure? Very minimal. Here's why. Indoor aerosol particle decay rates (k) to (integrated) indoor surfaces range from approx 0.2 to 10/hr for 0.3 to 10 um particles, respectively (higher for larger diameter particles).
1/ Inhalation dose occurs in both the near field (close contact) and far field in the same indoor space. It is reasonable to assume that near field concentrations in the breathing zone are < 2 to 8 x the far field based on measurements & modeling.
2/ The actual magnifier depends on distance, whether and type of masks worn, mixing conditions (TKE) between infector and receptor, mode of emissions (cough vs. speak vs. breath), body orientation of infector & receptor and controls in the far field.
3/ Assuming the magnifier is 4 x, then 15 minutes in close contact with an infector is the same as 60 minutes in the far field. In each case the dose is the same and the probability of infection from those doses should be the same.
1/ From 2008 to 2010 I was honored to hold the Otto Mønsted Visiting Professorship at the Technical University of Denmark. @WargockiPawel was a wonderful host, shown here in a moment of utter coolness.
2/ I also had the good fortune to overlap one of my visits with @CJWeschler, @LouiseBWeschler, & Bill Nazaroff. Charlie, Bill & I gave a trio lecture by the "Three Amigos". Photo courtesy of @LouiseBWeschler.
3/ Two of my PhD students (Erin Darling & Clement Cros) @ut_caee visited & we did expts related to perceived air quality using human panels exposed to a number of polluted & clean air streams flowing over clay-based plaster. Remarkably positive impressions of clay-treated air.
1/ Outdoor education. This time of year and for the next two months many schools have an opportunity to have some class periods outdoors (weather, space, and local conditions permitting). Do it if you can.
2/ A very nice whiteboard on wheels costs roughly the same as an XLNT HEPA filtration system on wheels, about 2 Grande Frappuccinos per student per yr for a class of 25 students. An investment of $10/student for each is small given$15K cost of educating 1 student/yr in US.
3/ I used to occasionally teach outdoors as a faculty member at the U of Texas at Austin on nice fall and spring days. Students would bring towels to sit on. It was a wonderful way to teach, and the students seemed to like it as well.