Adult men should ideally donate blood at least 4 times per year

For pre-menopausal adult women twice per year is usually sufficient, though this can be increased to 4 as well post menopause
Donating blood clears excess unbound iron and oxidized hemoglobin, and stimulates the process of hematopoiesis (the creation of new red blood cells)
Pathological Roles of Iron in Cardiovascular Disease
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29874997/
Iron, free radicals and cancer
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1820488/
Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: the involvement of iron
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30014355

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More from @ck_eternity_

24 May
Soda is designed to make you as addicted as possible
If we compare the composition of a standard bottle of coke since its creation, bottle size, salt content, sugar content, and caffeine content have all increased

You have a combination of multiple factors that promote thirst/dehydration, and sugar
Caffeine is included as the most widely consumed stimulant on earth, playing into the fact that the majority of adults are physically dependent on it

The combination of sugar and carbonation creates an extremely pleasurable mouth feel that further reinforces consumption
Read 5 tweets
22 May
Androgens create agression by downregulating inhibitory serotonin receptors

Since serotonin is one of the cornerstones of neurogenesis in the brain, this reduces neuroplasticity, and with certain overly potent steroids even becomes neurotoxic
This is balanced out by estrogen, which has a protective effect on the brain and maintains a good level of serotonin signalling

"Roid rage" is actually caused by excess androgen activation overstimulating adrenaline, without enough estrogen and serotonin to keep things balanced
The research we have on testosterone actually suggested it's not really inherently agressive

In some studies men with higher testosterone handle threats more harshly, but they also work well with others, and give out more generous rewards for others' acheivements
Read 8 tweets
21 May
The addictiveness of a substance is directly proportional to how quickly and potently it increases dopamine in the brain
For example: crack and cocaine have exactly the same chemical structure and pharmacological activity, but crack reaches the brain in as little as ~5 seconds when smoked, while powdered cocaine takes a few minutes to reach full effect
The same goes for nicotine gum vs. tobacco/vape, and smoked/injected opiates vs. oral pain pills

Generally addictiveness increases something like this: smoking > IV/IM injection > insufflation > sublingual > topical/oral
Read 6 tweets
19 May
PSA: your microbiome does not feed on carbohydrates or alcohol

Your microbiome is located in your colon at the end of your digestive tract, at this point your three essential macronutrients have been absorbed and only fiber remains as an energy source
When your diet contains low/no fiber your microbiome loses strain diversity and begins to seek out other food sources, this occurs in two ways

1. bacteria begin to consume the mucus lining separating them from the intestinal wall, as mucus is made up primarily of polysaccharides
2. bacteria/yeast may begin to grow further up your digestive tract into the small intestine where they are able to consume some amount of your dietary carbs/sugars before they can be absorbed
Read 7 tweets
17 May
For many of those suffering from depression, SSRIs don't provide any benefit just by increasing serotonin, but rather through the downstream effects of serotonin receptor activation
Only a subset of depression patients actually present low serotonin

Other issues like reduced neurogenesis factors, elevated neuroinflammation, skewed GABA/glutamate ratios, etc, are present in the majority of cases
Activation of 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors seems to be responsible for much of these effects

Research suggests they mediate changes in inflammation and BDNF levels long term

SSRIs have even been shown to provide analgesic effects, likely through their effects on endorphin levels
Read 4 tweets
17 May
As I understand it babies crying constantly is a fairly modern phenomenon

In previous generations when a baby's cry would have been a safety liability, mothers would use techniques like holding the babies nose to train them not to cry at a very young age
And even into the late 19th and early 20th century it was very common to give babies alcohol and/or opium preparations to calm them
Let me expand since some of you are responding without actually reading this:

The key word here is constantly

Of course babies have been crying since the beginning of time, but historically cultures have minimized this in different ways that aren't employed today
Read 5 tweets

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