Based on the above images only, what is your first impression?
* of the thyroid
* of the thyroid
Question:
These tumours are more common in?
These tumours are more common in?
1/ Carotid body paraganglioma are more common in females, especially at higher altitudes.
2/ Interestingly, this ratio is pronounced (8.3:1) in patients that live above 2000m sea level.
3/ There is an association with various syndromes & family history.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9663663/
2/ Interestingly, this ratio is pronounced (8.3:1) in patients that live above 2000m sea level.
3/ There is an association with various syndromes & family history.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9663663/
Two questions
1/2 These tumours are thought to arise from?
1/2 These tumours are thought to arise from?
2/2 True or false?
Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGs) commonly secrete hormones.
Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGs) commonly secrete hormones.
4/ These tumours arise from paraganglia along the parasympathetic chains.
5/ In contrast to paragangliomas that arise from sympathetic nerves (found in thorax, pelvis and abdomen), HNPGs uncommonly secrete catecholamines.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701678/
5/ In contrast to paragangliomas that arise from sympathetic nerves (found in thorax, pelvis and abdomen), HNPGs uncommonly secrete catecholamines.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11701678/
6/ (Remember that pheochromocytoma are paragangliomas).
7/ This tumour is/was called a chemodectoma, at term apparently coined by R.M Mulligan in 1950, in article the "Chemodectoma in the dog" (couldn’t find the original paper)).
jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/…
7/ This tumour is/was called a chemodectoma, at term apparently coined by R.M Mulligan in 1950, in article the "Chemodectoma in the dog" (couldn’t find the original paper)).
jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/…
True or false?
Paragangliomas associated with succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) mutations have an increased metastatic potential?
Paragangliomas associated with succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) mutations have an increased metastatic potential?
8/ SDHB mutations confer a vastly increased risk of malignant behaviour (~30% of tumours in patients over the age of 70 yo).
9/ Note, SDHD mutations are more common in HNPGs.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22544211/
9/ Note, SDHD mutations are more common in HNPGs.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22544211/
Last question:
Given the above information, which of the following immunohistochemical stains is more likely to be WEAKER or VARIABLE in carotid body paragangliomas compared with pheochromocytomas?
*Neuron specific enolase (aka non-specific enolase)
Given the above information, which of the following immunohistochemical stains is more likely to be WEAKER or VARIABLE in carotid body paragangliomas compared with pheochromocytomas?
*Neuron specific enolase (aka non-specific enolase)
10a/ While chromogranin is more specific for paragangliomas, tumours arising from parasympathetic paraganglia (ie HNPGs), the staining is weaker + variable when compared to sympathetic derived tumours.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684026/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18684026/
10b/ Interesting OCT4 has been found to positive in paragangliomas
10c/ The paper below explored OCT4 and its relationship to adrenal medulla/paraganglionic tissue vs adrenal cortex derived tumours.
journals.lww.com/ajsp/Abstract/…
10c/ The paper below explored OCT4 and its relationship to adrenal medulla/paraganglionic tissue vs adrenal cortex derived tumours.
journals.lww.com/ajsp/Abstract/…
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