It was an absolute pleasure to spend time in Ghana with the library of W.E.B. Du Bois, who moved to Ghana in his late 90s to work on the Encyclopedia Africana. I am researching how the Ganda intellectual Ernest Balintuma Kalibala shaped Du Bois’ arguments on Black liberation 1/4
& progress, which were reworked in Black history writing throughout interwar America. Kalibala, pictured here at the Namirembe Conference in 1954 (top row, second from right), earned a PhD from Harvard for his sociological research on Buganda: ‘The Social Structure of the 2/4
Baganda Tribe of East Africa’, (unpublished PhD, University of Harvard, 1946). Kalibala also worked alongside May Edel—who helped establish the anthropology department @RutgersU—to publish an English translation of Apolo Kaggwa’s Ekitabo Kye Mpisa Za Baganda in 1934. 3/4
Here we have a letter that Kalibala sent to Du Bois in 1925 on Buganda’s economic history and, as Kalibala saw it, Uganda’s importance in thinking more broadly about international Black progress following the First World War. 4/4
*Du Bois moved in his early 90s (93), not late.
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According to the current #Olympics registry, 5 Ugandans will compete in the respective marathons (women’s & men’s): Juliet Chekwel, Immaculate Chemutai, Filex Chemonges, @Stephen42k, & Fred Musobo. These outstanding athletes build upon a very long, rich history. #Tokyo2020 1/9
Racing & runners had a very long history in Buganda. Numerous words & classifications existed by the late 1800s. Glosses included, although were not limited to, omuddusi (one who runs in a race), omudduukirizi (one who runs to rescue), kayungirizi (one who overtakes), 2/9
toloba (to race quickly), vuganya (race or competition), oludduka (running contest), and obuddusi (racing or ability to race). 3/9
Recreational & competitive swimming in UG existed long before colonization & the #Olympics. It existed for hundreds of years. By the late 1800s, one Luganda proverb re: swimming criticized judges who refused to dig deeply into a dispute, "Okuyita kungulu—ng'omuwuzi." 1/8
By 1920, Munno reworked the proverb slightly differently, offering a subject prefix to –yita, "Bayita kungulu—nga muwuzi." Throughout the 1800s, there were numerous programs to politically manage water, from Acholi rain rituals to Kabaka Mwanga's ambitious excavation project. 2/8
Colonial swimming pools, in time, also sought to give measurement and structure to the natural world. This was nothing new. In this photo, we see Lamech Kiwanuka, EMK Mulira, and one unidentified colleague during the early 1940s working on the pool at King's College, Budo. 3/8
On #EarthDayEveryDay#EarthDay21 a short thread on an often-overlooked chapter of the history of elephants in Uganda. There was a long history of interacting and hunting elephants in precolonial Uganda. 1/11
Colonial empires, of course, were predicated upon the assumption that the natural world could be tamed and regulated. Elephants were not exempt. Sir Hesketh Bell was Uganda’s commissioner/governor between 1907 and 1910. 2/11
He was largely remembered in vernacular histories for his association with Sleeping Sickness and the introduction of cotton and motor cars. Bell believed that by demonstrating superior knowledge over the natural world, 3/11
Uganda has produced some of the world's best runners, including @joshuacheptege1@Stephen42k@NakaayiH, Judith Ayaa, Akii Bua, Docus Inzikuru, & many others. Marathons have a long history in Uganda. The first was organized on 1 November 1908 alongside an industrial exhibition 1/5
in KLP. The occasion attracted UG's heads of state & leading chiefs.48 runners from throughout the country competed. The 26-mile course was along Old Kampala-Entebbe Rd. Here we see some of the runners at the starting line. They may have been the designated Catholic runner 2/5
The winner was Kapere (n. 12); he represented Buganda. At the time, he was 23 years of age and finished in three hours and 3 minutes—only seven minutes behind the world record holder. Kapere was purported to have trained very little. 3/5
What is Federalism? And why does it matter? This week, @dfkm1970 presented clear & compelling reflections on Federalism in Uganda. Federalism has a long & rich history. Whether one advocates for federalism, it surely warrants serious historical & contemporary consideration. 1/15
In the 1950s, EMK Mulira wrote extensively on the topic of federalism. He was responsible for helping create the federalist arrangements in Uganda’s 1962 Constitution. In my mind, his most popular case for federalism was expressed in the novel: 2/15
Aligaweesa: Omuvubuka was Uganda Empya (A Youth of the New Uganda). Aligaweesa tells the story of a stranger’s political promotion in Buganda’s ethnic polity. Mulira showed how the terms ‘nationalist’ or ‘citizen’ were identical to the word used in Luganda for ‘stranger’; 3/15
On nature, prophets, the deep past, & national history writing. It is regretful that Matia Kigaanira Ssewannyana Kibuuka has been ignored in much of Uganda’s national history writing. He is one of the most consequential activists of the 1950s, but he is rarely discussed. 1/17
Matia Kigaanira (MK) was born in the mid-1930s. He became a driver for the Trans-Congo/Uganda Company. At the age of 17, while in a restaurant in Fort Portal, the lubaale Kibuuka rested on Kigaanira’s head. Overcome with Kibuuka’s power, 2/17
MK smashed his plate onto the floor & announced his imminent return to Mbaale, where Kibuuka's principal shrine was located. MK’s transformation into the prophet Kibuuka was spectacular. First, MK was a Museenene. But Kibuuka’s shrine in Mbaale was kept by Ndiga elders. 3/17