LAMBDA variant is antibody resistant? It will overcome the vaccine?
Let's discover it together!
First of all let's dive into the neutralization assay
1/n
As you can appreciate from the scheme the neutralization assay evaluates the antibodies ability to neutralize viral replication. Is pretty 'simple' you plate human cells and you infect them with the virus. 2/n
As you expected the virus will infect 100% of the cells, instead if you add antibodies those will neutralize the virus. In this second situation, you can see that the antibodies reduced viral replication by 80% meaning that only 20% of the cells are infected. 3/n
Let's see what happen with a Sars-CoV2 variant, as we know a variant is characterized by several mutations, some of which MAY impair antibody recognition, decreasing the neutralization. 3rd situation, Sars-CoV2 variant is only partially recognized. %0% reduction 4/n
Ok, that's how the neutralization assay works.
+Is neutralization assay able to predict vaccine response?
-Partially
+why?
-Because the immune system is not only antibodies!
5/n
Imagine the Immune system as an ARMY composed of several different types of soldiers:
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
Natural Killer
Mast cells
etc etc
That's why neutralization assay is not sufficient to predict the response to a new variant. 6/n
Coming to Lambda, different papers indicated it likeable to overcome vaccine protection. All the data are produced in vitro in lab (with the assay aforementioned). 7/n
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
medscape.com/viewarticle/95…
TAKE HOME MESSAGES:
1) neutralization assays are an approximation and are limited
2) immune response doesn't rely ONLY on neutralizing antibodies
3)A neutralization reduction doesn't imply immune escape or no protection
Let's monitor Lambda evolution but DON'T PANIC

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More from @AurelianoStingi

2 Aug
If vaccinated people can be infected should I take the vaccine?
Short answer: YES!
Do you remember the Daft Punk song?

HARDER BETTER FASTER STRONGER
that's how the vaccine works!

1/n
Singapore study, 200 people got infected with Delta variant (B1.617.2), 70 were fully vax, 130 no vaccine.
Scientists followed infected people and evaluate symptoms, viral load, viral clearance, oxygen need etc. 2/n
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
First STRIKING finding, vaccinated shows fewer symptoms. LESS SYMPTOMS= LESS TRANSMISSION 3/n
Read 6 tweets
14 Jul
Vista l'immensa complessità del mondo che ci circonda come esseri umani tendiamo a schematizzare, semplificare e trovare scorciatoie logiche. La pandemia è uno dei problemi più complessi che l'uomo moderno si è trovato a gestire. 1/n
Nella nostra testa di scimmie evolute ogni problema deve avere una soluzione rapida e logica, ma spesso purtroppo non è cosi.
Il vaccino ci è stato venduto come 'silver bullet' ma purtroppo non lo è. Significa che è inutile? ASSOLUTAMENTE NO! 2/n
Il modo in cui ci è stato raccontato ha creato montagne di aspettative e speranze. Ci era stato promesso che annullava i morti, ma li riduce 'solo' del 96%, ci avevano detto che riduceva il contagio ma riduce 'solo' del 50% circa. etc Il vaccino è l'arma con la quale usciamo 3/n
Read 5 tweets
20 Apr
#SARS_CoV_2 will cause Multiple Sclerosis??

No.

(or at least is not demonstrated in this paper)

3D

1/n
The group of prof. Matteucci published a research paper in which they characterized the presence of the pathogenic HERV-W envelope expression in T-lymphocytes of Covid19 patients. 2/n
let's address the elephant in the room first:
the HERV-W protein is also induced by other viruses like EBV, and is known to be involved in pathogenesis of some chronic degenerative inflammatory diseases like Multiple Sclerosis (MS). 3/n
Read 6 tweets
12 Apr
POTENTIAL mechanism explaining #AstraZenaca vaccine adverse effects.
DISCLAIMER: lots of simplifications will be used
Let's make together a hot chocolate!
Imagine human blood as hot chocolate, is a perfect balance between liquid and solid! 1/n
If you ever tried to make hot chocolate you know that you need to be extremely careful mixing the two ingredients (cocoa powder and milk). If not it becomes either too dense or too liquid. 2/n
Human blood is the same, too many coagulation factors will create a deadly clot and vice-versa too liquid will cause fatal bleeding. Platelets contribute directly to this complex equilibrium. 3/n
Read 15 tweets
11 Apr
3d su un paper uscito questa settimana che ha suscitato tante polemiche: An emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutant evading cellular immunity and increasing viral infectivity.
1/n
Prima di addentrarci nel paper facciamo un piccolo ripasso di come il nostro corpo combatte un infezione virale, per iper semplificare abbiamo principalmente cellule B che producono i famosi anticorpi IgG/IgA etc e le cellule T citotossiche che sono veri e propri killer. 2/n
Come si vede dall'immagine sia B che T cells sono reclutate dalle APC ed in modo diverso combattono il virus. Per un bellissimo approfondimento su un tipo di APC cells vi lascio il 3d di @Doom3Gloom sulle dendritic cells
3/n

Read 8 tweets
9 Mar
🚨🚨B.1.1.7 - UK VARIANT IS MORE LETHAL🚨🚨

Ok, I guess I have your attention now.

Breath.

This is not only a 3d is also a small guide to navigate through the news today. 1/n
thousand of news every day invade our life. We are experiencing a pandemic, nobody has the tools to deal with that, only a small portion of us has the knowledge to navigate through the news. So what to do?
This is a simple and quick guide

2/n
Whenever you read something about #Covid_19 ask 2 things:

1) where is published? The source is reliable? international recognised medical journal vs tabloid
Peer-reviewed?

2)this news has a direct impact on me? Can/should I modify my behaviour accordingly?

3/n
Read 10 tweets

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