Foreshadowing — the algebra of orders. Here is an addition table for some simple finite orders. Did you know that you can add and multiply any two orders? A+B means a copy of A with a copy of B above. Stay tuned for multiplication...
I expanded the addition table.
A larger expansion.
Bigger version.
I am wondering whether the smaller tables might be pedagogically more effective in conveying the idea. The larger table might be offputting, whereas the small table is approachable. If you have a view on this, please let me know how to think about this for writing in my book.
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Order relations are often fruitfully conceived as being stratified into a linear hierarchy of levels. The simple order shown here, for example, is naturally stratified by three levels.
What is a "level"? A stratification of an order into levels amounts to a linear preorder relation on the same domain. namely, a linear grading of a partial order ≼ is a preorder relation ≤ respecting the strict relation, that is, for which a≺b implies a<b.
There are often far more linear gradings of a partial order than one might expect. The simple order shown in this post above, for example, admits thirteen distinct gradings!
Let me share some illustrations I've recently created to discuss the topic:
What is a number?
Two sets are equinumerous—they have the
same cardinal size—when they can be placed into a one-to-one correspondence, like the shepherd counting his sheep off on his fingers.
Hume's principle asserts that the numbers of F's is the same as the number of G's just in case these classes are equinumerous.
{ x | Fx } ~ { x | Gx }
The equinumerosity relation thus partitions the collection of all sets into equinumerosity classes of same-size sets.
In his attempts to reduce all mathematics to logic—the logicist program—Frege defined the cardinal numbers simply to be these equivalence classes. For Frege, the number 2 is the class of all two-element sets; the number 3 is the class of all three-element sets, and so on.