What they don't know is there is circulatory melatonin (Night) produced by the Pineal Gland and there is Extrapineal/Subcellular melatonin (Day) produced locally by your Mitochondria in response to NIR (Near-Infrared) light.
Subcellular melatonin is produced in many different cells, in quantities which are orders of magnitude higher than circulatory melatonin produced in the pineal gland.
It's production doesn't depend on the Circadian Clock, unlike circulatory.
Both are made from Seratonin.
During the day subcellular melatonin is produced in excess, acting as reservoir storing up an excess of antioxidant capacity.
At night, circulatory melatonin from the pineal gland allows for efficient delivery of supplemental melatonin to only those cells that need it most.
Both Melatonins work together with same function but through different mechanisms of action.
Melatonin has muliple functions including its chronobiotic influence on organismal activity, including the endocrine and non-endocrine rhythms.
Other functions of melatonin, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its genomic effects, and its capacity to modulate mitochondrial homeostasis, are linked to the redox status of cells and tissues.
Melatonin can also induce a proxidant/cytotixic effect.
This can occur in injured and cancer cells.
The majority of Sunlight is NIR light (~70%).
LED, OLED, and CFL lighting and Screens produce 0 NIR.
Some buildings have windows coated to block NIR light.
If you want to stimulate Extrapineal Melatonin go Outside.
Cells derive energy from one type of chemical reaction called Redox (Reduction and Oxidation) in your Mitochondria which makes up the Respiratory Chain.
The process transfers one or more electrons from a donor (Oxidized) to a receptor (Reduced).
This is not a direct process but goes through 'stepping stones'.
The process goes through 15 or more of these stepping stones called clusters/centers.
The clusters are are inorganic crystals known as 'iron-sulphur clusters'.