1/ This research proves that the mRNA vaccines induce circulating Spike protein (not localized to injection site) for up to 4 months. Spike is released from cells via the induction of exosomes, which are extracellular ~100nm sized vesicles used in cell-to-cell communication. 
2/ “Results demonstrated induction of circulating exosomes expressing spike protein on day 14 after vaccination followed by Abs 14 d after the second dose.”
3/ “Exosomes with spike protein, Abs to SARS-CoV-2 spike, and T cells secreting IFN-γ and TNF-α increased following the booster dose.”
4/ “Transmission electron microscopy of exosomes also demonstrated spike protein Ags on their surface.”
5/ “Exosomes with spike protein and Abs decreased in parallel after four months.” (I would like to know the mechanism of how Spike protein is still present after 4 months).
6/ “These results demonstrate an important role of circulating exosomes with spike protein for effective immunization following mRNA-based vaccination.”
7/ Exosomes can also carry genetic information, such as RNA. Exosomes are known to be taken up by distant cells. Therefore, it’s possible that the mRNA from the vaccine could be shuttled to other tissues via the exosome transport pathway.
8/ Reference: jimmunol.org/content/early/…
9/ a good primer on exosomes —> science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
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