The death of Ivan the Terrible’s son Fyodor in 1598 was followed by Russia’s Time of Troubles, lasting 15 years. The Poles and Jesuits tried to set up a puppet Catholic regime in Moscow with a series of frauds - each claiming to be Dmitry, another of Ivan’s dead sons. ImageImageImage
16th century Poles had extensive experience on Western battlefields. They employed substantial numbers of Germans, Czechs, Scots, & Hungarians in their armies. Even some Russians served Poland - 10% of the Cossacks on the 1581 registry were Russians. ImageImageImage
Poland-Lithuania suffered numerous Crimean Tatar raids in the 16th century. The raids ranged as far north as Vilnius. Image
In 1564 the Swedes attempted to exterminate all the Danes living in Norway, clearing the way for Swedish colonization. ImageImage

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More from @Peter_Nimitz

17 Oct
Thucydides on the Greek settlement of Sicily. Interesting to read this with Mycenaean settlement archaeology in Sicily, as well as some DNA on Bronze Age Sicily that looks Minoan. ImageImage
If Iliad survived as a memory of a Mycenaean war in Ionia, suppose oral traditions from the Bronze Age Greek world could have survived long enough for Thucydides to record them.
Maccabees reference the Spartans and Jews having kinship. Maybe a dim memory of the Philistines being Greeks, and there being some intermarriage with the Jews? Image
Read 4 tweets
9 Oct
The Zagrosian/Ganj_Dareh/Iran_Neolithic-like people who contributed significant amount of ancestry to Indus Valley Civilization migrated west from Iran prior to 10,000 BC.
* east not west
Perhaps the Tutkaulian culture marks the spread of the the cousins of the Zagrosians into Central Asia (& the Indus?) in the epipaleolithic?
Read 4 tweets
23 Sep
I got the Pfizer booster shot. Will let you all know how it goes.
So far running slight fever of 37.3 degrees (normal is 36.8). Heartrate is unusually high at 74 (normal is 55). Arm feels bruised at injection point, & I feel tired - though might be due to only 7 hours sleep. No issue with lymph nodes or headaches, at least not yet.
Heartrate down to 68, temperature at 37.0. Feel fatigued. Slight headache behind right eye. No other problems.
Read 4 tweets
19 Sep
IE expansions were driven by following:
4000 BC Suvovoro Anatolians - horses
3300 BC Afanasievo Toharians - dairying
2900 BC Corded Ware Germans/Celts/Italians - Urals copper mine
2600 BC Martqopi Armenians - ???
2100 BC Sintashta Indo-Iranians - chariots
the findings that Sintashta horses replaced other horses after 2000 BC don't disprove anything about claims of importance of horses in previous 2 millennia.
Goat & cattle dairy products predate the Indo-European expansions by 2000+ years, but use of horse dairy starting in 3300 allowed proto-Toharian Afanasievo people to migrate all the way from the Don-Volga to Khakassia & Mongolia. science.org/content/articl…
Read 4 tweets
11 Sep
50% of ancestry in modern day Yugoslavs, 25% in Albanians, & 40% in Bulgarians comes from invaders from northern & eastern Europe who arrived 200-700 AD. Romanian origins complex, with 50% of their ancestry from same NE European invaders as well as Asiatics from steppe.
Roman Europe was very diverse at its height, with migrants from the more densely populated east settling in European cities. A sizable part of population of Viminacium in modern Serbia was of Middle Eastern origin, & they were wealthier than the locals.
Two Germans & an African (probably from Meroe) were found buried in Roman graves in Serbia. The African was a legionary or auxiliary.
Read 7 tweets
30 Aug
Inside a government office. Appears abandoned, desks have a thick layer of dust, calendars on the cubicles all from March 2020.
The Pompeii of pre-pandemic Nevada bureaucrats
Supposed to meet 15 minutes ago with some gals from a partner agency to work out a project. Not sure where they are, or if they are even here. Already double checked email, address is correct.
Read 4 tweets

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