December 2001: “At around 11 a.m. one day in the first week of December, a group of about 300 armed Hazaras arrived at the remote Pashtun village of Bargah-e Afghani, located in the Chimtal district of Balkh province.” 1/?
“Just two days prior to the arrival of the Hazara fighters, the villagers of Bargah-e Afghani had handed over their firearms to Manzullah Khan, an Uzbek commander of Junbish, and in return had received a written confirmation from him that they had been disarmed.” 2/?
“Manzullah Khan had also placed twelve of his soldiers in the village after its population was disarmed, but the soldiers ran away when the Hazara fighters attacked the village.”
“Most of the villagers quickly fled the village, but the Hazara fighters killed 37 men who stayed behind, the largest documented killing of civilians since the fall of the Taliban.”

Source: “Paying for the Taliban’s Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns in Northern Afgh.” HRW

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More from @AfghanHistorian

16 Oct
1980s: USID awarded $60m to Uni. of Nebraska at Omaha to produce children books for Afghan refugees in Pakistan

Pg1 “T” (te) of alphabet for topak (weapon) ex “My uncle has a weapon”

Pg2 “J” (jim) for jihad ex “Jihad is mandatory” “Jamil went to jihad” &“I too will go to jihad”
Books for Afghan refugee kids in PAK were also used in AFG by 1990s.

In 2014 NPR interview, Intel. Education Prof Dana Burde said “as part of war efforts [referring to Cold War]..the alphabet of jihad literacy tried to solidify the links between violence & religious obligation.”
March 2002: Uni of Nebraska was awarded another multimillion dollar grant to produce books for Afghan children

Pres Bush said 10 million books were being trucked into AFG that would teach “respect for human divinity, instead of indoctrinating students with fanaticism & bigotry.”
Read 5 tweets
20 Aug
August 20, 1998: “Good afternoon. Today I ordered our Armed Forces to strike at terrorist-related facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan because of the imminent threat they presented to our national security,” said President Bill Clinton.
“Two weeks ago, 12 Americans & nearly 300 Kenyans & Tanzanians lost their lives, & another 5,000 were wounded when our embassies in Nairobi & Dar es Salaam were bombed,” said Clinton. Intel community said it was bin Laden’s network. Read full address: clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1998/08/1998-0…
August 20, 1998: U.S. air strikes hit Al-Qaeda training camp in Zhawar Kili Al-Badr, Khost Province, AFG

It was not known if bin Laden & his fellow Arab terrorists were in Khost at time but NSC endorsed strike anyway

Attack on Afghanistan was later justified under UN Article 51
Read 9 tweets
8 Dec 20
#Kanishka I was, the greatest, and certainly the most famous, of the #Kushan kings.
He is known, from the combined testimony of the literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources, to have ruled over an extensive dominion extending from Bihar in the east to #Khorasan
@atalbrave
in the west, and from #Khotan in the north to, perhaps, #Konkan in the south.
The dates and findspots of some of the inscriptions of #Kanishka I are interesting:
#Kosam inscription dated year 2,
#Sarnath inscription dated year 3,
#Mathur¹ inscription dated year 4,
#Suivihar inscription dated year 11, and
#Manikiala inscription dated year 18.
#AFG
Read 16 tweets
7 Dec 20
The Buddhist site of #TapaSardar
Buddhist sanctuary rises on a hill which dominates a vast portion of the Dasht-i Manara plain Ghanzi #Afghanistan. The excavation of the site, carried out by the Italian Archaeological Mission between the late 1960s and the late 1970s.
@atalbrave
As attested by an inscribed votive pot found in the site, the sanctuary was known in the past as the #Kanika mahārāja vihāra (“the temple of the Great King #Kanishka”). This evidence confirms that the sacred area of Tapa Sardar was founded during the #Kushan period
(either by #Kanishka I or #Kanishka II, in the 2nd or 3rd century CE) and also reinforces the hypothesis that it may well correspond to the Šāh Bahār (“The temple of the King”) that, according to the Kitāb al-buldān, was destroyed in 795 CE by the Muslim army.
Read 15 tweets
4 Dec 20
The site of Tepe Narenj, which literally means “orange hill”, stands on a relief that is currently denoted as Koh-e Zamburak, or “mountain of the small wasp”, situated on the eastern slopes of the #Hindukush mountain chain, only a few kilometers South of #Kabul #Afghanistan Image
so far only partially investigated, it covers an area of more than four hectares and occupies a dominant position; it faces East and is quite visible from a considerable distance. The site has earlier origins, dated by pottery, paleographic and numismatic finds to the 2nd-3rd CE ImageImage
the period most intensively documented in the excavations, during which the sacred area was reworked, renovated and extended several times, dates to between the end of the 5th century CE and the 9th/10th century CE.
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11 Aug 20
#MazarMassacre: There is no way to precisely know how many were killed in weeks following the fall of Mazar to Taliban in 1998. Hazaras & Uzbeks were killed in reprisal for killing thousands of Taliban after a failed attempt by Taliban to take Mazar in May-July 1997. Source HRW.
Taliban tried to take Mazar twice before Aug1998. After Taliban killed Pres Najib in 1996, there was an attempt for peace. "I’ve proposed to Taliban not continue with this war since it’s better to solve our problems peacefully, through negotiations rather than fighting,” -Dostum.
For background from my thread on Pres Rabbani. Dostum ended up welcoming him to Mazar when Taliban took Kabul. A stronger alliance was made with Rabbani/Massoud. The fighting continued into 1997 and 1998.
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