High PAI-1 precedes a first heart attack, indicating blood coagulation as a primary risk factor ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01…
PAI-1 is not only elevated in the elderly but also significantly induced in a variety of pathologies associated with the process of aging academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/…
A null mutation in the gene that encodes PAI-1 is associated with *7 years* longer lifespan. This is in an Amish community. They also have no diabetes. science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
Concentrations of lead (the metal) in blood are a risk factor for heart disease and death on a par with, or greater than, smoking.
How often do you hear that? If you have CAD, does your doc check your blood lead level, or just prescribe a statin?
"Our findings suggest that, of 2·3 million deaths every year in the USA, about 400,000 are attributable to lead exposure, an estimate that is about ten times larger than the current one."
Men in the top third of bone lead level - which by definition one third of men are - had *8x* the risk of death from heart disease. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19738141/
I recently finished reading "The Clot Thickens", and am now rereading it a 2nd time.
It's that good.
Interesting thing about Dr. Kendrick's theory that coagulation is directly related to heart disease is that it applies to other chronic diseases also, e.g. cancer. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…
Exercise capacity is a strong, inverse predictor of all-cause death rates. Men in the highest quartile (fourth) of exercise capacity had from 1/4 to 1/3 lower risk of dying during several years follow-up.
Exercise was more important than BMI or blood lipids.
Among men referred for exercise testing, those in the lowest quintile (fifth) of exercise capacity had 4.5 times the risk of dying during 6 years of follow-up.