Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Jan 21, 2022 7 tweets 3 min read Read on X
This study from #Singapore compares the immune characteristics of 55 patients with vaccine breakthrough #SARSCoV2 infection and 86 uninfected vaccinated close contacts. 1/
Antibody levels, including neutralizing antibodies, were similar in vaccine breakthrough patients and close contacts. 2/
Memory B cell levels, as assessed by B cell ELISpot, were lower in vaccine breakthrough patients than close contacts. 3/
T cell profiles were broadly similar across vaccine breakthrough patients and close contacts. 4/
The cytokine profile of vaccine breakthrough patients was similar to uninfected vaccinated individuals, with lower inflammatory profile compared to unvaccinated individuals with primary infection. 5/
Conclusions:

1-These results highlight the potential role of memory B cells in protection from Delta vaccine breakthrough infection.

2-The results suggest that memory B cell levels may be a correlate of protection against Delta variant infection in vaccinated populations 6/
3-If so, this will be useful for determining the level of susceptibility in a population. It will also be useful in the design of future vaccines or vaccine boosters. 7/

embopress.org/doi/full/10.15…

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More from @vipintukur

Apr 2
Even after 5 yrs since its arrival, SARS-CoV-2 mutations keep emerging. A new variant LP.8.1 is rising. Almost 1 in 5 COVID cases in New South Wales are it. In the UK, it accounts for at least 3 in 5 cases. Just what is LP.8.1? Is it worrying? 1/ Image
LP.8.1 was first detected in July 2024. It’s a descendant of Omicron, specifically of KP.1.1.3, which is descended from JN.1, a subvariant that caused large waves of COVID infections around the world in late 2023 and early 2024. 2/ Image
The WHO designated LP.8.1 as a variant under monitoring in January. This was in response to its significant growth globally, and reflects that it has genetic changes which may allow the virus to spread more easily and pose a greater risk to human health. 3/ Image
Read 8 tweets
Apr 1
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds fibrinogen, causing thrombo-inflammation, according to a recent study. The virus must bind to fibrinogen, but why? Could this relationship help the virus evolve? Could this cause post-COVID heart attacks? 1/ Image
Scientists often think they grasp a virus's anatomy, tricks, and body movement. But occasionally, we discover something unexpected that radically transforms how we view an infection. 2/ Image
Some strategies are well documented: antigenic drift, glycan shielding, immune suppression. But every so often, we stumble upon a novel mechanism that redefines our understanding of viral pathogenesis. 3/ Image
Read 17 tweets
Mar 27
COVID-19 increases the risk of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. The virus alters the immune system in unknown ways, making it difficult to design medicines to prevent post-COVID autoimmunity. 1/ Image
One leading hypothesis involves viral “molecular mimics”—proteins from the virus that resemble the body’s own proteins. These mimics may trigger an immune response against the virus but unintentionally cause the immune system to target healthy tissues as well. 2/ Image
Thanks to recent advancements in data analysis and machine learning, scientists have now identified a set of SARS-CoV-2-derived molecular mimics that may play a role in initiating autoimmune responses. 3/ Image
Read 10 tweets
Mar 27
mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines train the 'long-term memory' of immune system

Researchers have determined that the novel mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines not only induce acquired immune responses such as antibody production, but also cause persistent epigenetic changes in innate immune cells 1/ Image
Thus, vaccination with mRNA vaccines could lead to an enhanced immune response to future encounters with pathogens which are not specifically targeted by the vaccine. 2/ Image
These findings reveal that mRNA vaccines cause epigenetic 'training' of innate immune cells, sustaining immunological response. Epigenetic alterations may enable long-lasting innate immunity that enhances acquired immune system protection. 3/ Image
Read 12 tweets
Mar 26
In a proof-of-concept study, people with cognitive impairment in #LongCOVID were found to have asymmetrical glymphatic dysfunction in the left hemisphere of the brain which also correlated with disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). 1/ Image
A group of researchers used special MRI techniques to assess perivascular spaces in the brain of 14 individuals with LongCOVID compared to 10 healthy controls. 2/ Image
A significant reduction in the DTI-ALPS index—a measure of glymphatic function—in the left hemisphere of LongCOVID patients was found, indicating impaired waste clearance in the brain. 3/ Image
Read 6 tweets
Mar 25
Sugar coatings aren't only for candies; they also help viruses, like the ones that cause COVID-19, hide from their hosts' immune system.

Now, researchers have developed a universal vaccine that targets coronaviruses and the sugars that they use as cover. 1/ Image
As demonstrated in animal studies, the vaccine removed sugar molecules from an area of a coronavirus spike protein that rarely mutates and created effective and plentiful antibodies to inactivate the virus. 2/ Image
Researchers say that the premise of this research is simple: it's an effective vaccine that targets more than one coronavirus at a time, which will allow individuals to receive a single shot for protection against multiple infectious agents. 3/ Image
Read 10 tweets

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