2/ These are defined as “a system that offers protocols and the use of non-firm trading interest to bring together buyers and sellers of *securities*”. (My emphasis.)
3/ If most tokens themselves were to be considered “securities”, this would be exceedingly problematic, as @lex_node points out in his excellent piece here:
4/ Unfortunately, despite what some might want you to think, that is simply not the law as it stands today.
(I would also argue that it is not good policy to change the law to impose “securityness“ on a token or other asset that is not itself a financial instrument of any type.)
5/ The famous “Howey test” applies by its clear terms to “contracts, transactions or schemes”, not to the asset that may a component of those schemes.
Why?
6/ Because the law recognizes that it is the relationship that is being regulated, not the asset used to part investors from their funds. If two people unrelated to the scheme believe that asset has value and want to exchange it, they are not part of an “investment scheme”.
7/ We will be publishing our highly detailed legal research on this early next week (all 250+ appellate cases on Howey reviewed!).
Please retweet and stay tuned. HMU in DM if interested in collaborating on the published piece. The more great minds on this, the better!
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1/ Like a strong weather pattern taking shape over the ocean, everyone knew an eventual landfall was coming. And it is here - @FATFNews dropped their final virtual asset service provider (#VASP) guidance this morning:
Whatever policy makers would like to do, the Guidance recognizes that there are significant limitations on what can be prescribed in terms of the implementation of AML/CFT-related checks in DeFi protocols.
3/ There are still many reasons to be concerned.
#FATF are still clearly skeptical of DeFi. The Guidance introduces two new vague standards. Even if a DeFi protocol is not “controlled”, if an entity can be identified who is engaged in “active facilitation” they may be a VASP.
1/ We need a third way. Post project fundraise, the core problem is information asymmetry. Relying directly on a project to provide all “material” info to the public is hopeless.
2/ Project disclosure can and should be crowdsourced to a single location (think: Wikipedia).
Social and legal consequences would be meted out to those found to knowingly have provided misleading information (whoever they may be).
3/ Digital asset exchanges can be arbiters of the quality of the project information and be responsible for making reasonable determinations about its accuracy and completeness.
Another great discussion initiated by @lex_node based on a valuable piece on @coindesk written by @Frances_Coppola. As with many threads on Twitter, the tone quickly gets ... acerbic but it is a useful starting point to make a couple of important observations in both directions.
2/ As comments in the thread make clear, Coppola is focusing on “tokenizing” fungible and tangible assets. Her (spot on) point is that it is absurd to think that “blockchain“ can fix the trust issue when it comes to tangible IRL assets. However, I want to get to a deeper point.
3/ I spend quite a lot of time debating what is, and what is not a “security“. However, one thing is clear: in almost all cases, when you create a financial instrument backed by a pool of physical assets, under US law you have created a security.
1/ Merry Christmas to all celebrating today! I would like to pick up on a point made in the thread below by @BoulevardLP. H/t to @insideNiMA to getting the ball rolling and @r_ross_campbell for the shout out. Will be curious as to thoughts from @lex_node, @propelforward +others.
2/ First, although the Turnkey Jet no-action letter is helpful (as is the @DLxLawLLP letter for @BuyQuarters), undoubtedly the most developed and relevant statement on this topic from the SEC is their April 2019 Token Framework - sec.gov/corpfin/framew….
3/ In addition, although the term “utility token” is commonly used, I would argue it is very unfortunate and confusing. There is no formal category of “utility token” anywhere in US law. A token (or any other asset) either is or is not a “security”.
2/ During the pre-sale (which is open to the general public and not otherwise registered with the SEC), the developer team affirmatively reference the anticipated success of the platform they are building and the attendant economic benefits of owning the yet-to-be-developed token
3/ Purchasers send crypto to the developer team and, in exchange, designate a wallet address to which the tokens, once created, will be sent.
@lex_node@JoshuaZeidner@jerrybrito 1/ Thanks, @lex_node. There’s actually a fair amount to unpack here. First, it’s important to bear in mind that the definition of “security” in Securities Act sec.2(a)(1) is much broader than just “investment contract”.
@lex_node@JoshuaZeidner@jerrybrito 2/ Also included in the “security” definition are “collateral-trust certificate” and “any certificate of interest or participation in ... any of the foregoing”. Moreover, if tokens were not involved, we would say many “stablecoins” look a lot like asset-backed securities ...
@lex_node@JoshuaZeidner@jerrybrito 3/ ... because they would represent an instrument backed by a managed pool of financial assets. AFAIK, the absence of interest payments does not ipso facto make an instrument not a security.