Dorsa Amir Profile picture
Feb 1 8 tweets 3 min read
When imagining the past, people tend to forget that a huge portion of the population was made up of children — playing, learning, getting into mischief, & sometimes even making art. Here are a few lovely & lively examples of children's art from the historical record 🧵 1/
First up are these (newly discovered!) tiny handprints, found in Tibet & dated to around 200,000 years ago. They seem to be intentionally made by at least two kids — probably between 7-12 years old — who found a layer of soft travertine & decided to leave their marks 🤚 2/
In the 1st century AD, a Roman child used a stylus to carve this little stick figure into a wall in Pompeii. More than half of children's graffiti in Pompeii can be found in public, suggesting kids had active lives outside of home & lots of access to public spaces. 3/
From around 1200 AD, we have these stunning birch manuscripts from a little boy named Onfim who lived in Novgorod (present day Russia). In addition to homework exercises — like practicing the Cyrillic alphabet — Onfim also drew illustrations of knights, horses, & battles. 4/
Also from the Middle Ages, we have these snippets of a Jewish child's writing exercises, from the Cairo Geniza collection. In addition to practicing the Hebrew alphabet, we can also see a little doodle of what appears to be a camel, and perhaps a tiny little menorah. 5/
A close examination of Charles Darwin's original draft of Origin of Species reveals that manuscript paper was often recycled in the Darwin home as scratch paper for drawing. Darwin's children's doodles can be found all along the margins & backsides of the manuscript. 6/
Of course, children also experienced major events in the world — such as World War I — alongside adults, and often incorporated these events into their drawings. Here's a French child's drawing from 1907, showing American troops marching victoriously into Paris. 7/
Overall, hopefully a reminder that despite often being overlooked, children have always been a part of our communities, and have sometimes found ways to leave their marks on history. 8/8

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More from @DorsaAmir

Dec 18, 2021
Ever wonder how monkeys ended up in the Americas? Did they cross over land bridges like we did?

The answer is no. They did something even wilder: they floated across the Atlantic (!) millions of years ago. Yes, really.

Let’s talk about oceanic dispersal! (1/5)
So, how did the monkeys pull this off? Well, what happened is called a "rafting event": a piece of earth breaks off, with its flora & fauna intact, & essentially turns into a small floating island. In the Oligocene, the continents were closer, so the journey was shorter. (2/5)
As unlikely as it seems, according to genetic evidence, this type of event happened several times! Monkeys seem to have also rafted to the Caribbean (~11-15MYA), & the lemurs of Madagascar floated across the Mozambique Channel (~50-60MYA), among other rafting events. (3/5)
Read 5 tweets
Dec 17, 2021
We take for granted the fact that, whenever we want, we can see an unbelievably detailed image of ourselves in the mirror🪞 But consider that for the majority of human history, you were never able to actually, really see yourself. A thread on the humble, magical mirror. (1/9)
The first mirrors were likely pools of still water or vessels that held reflective liquid, but in the Neolithic, we start seeing evidence for physical mirrors, like this incredible obsidian mirror from Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dated to approximately 7500-6400 BC. (2/9)
In the Bronze & Iron Ages, we see the rise of mirrors made from materials like bronze, in addition to stone. These required regular polishing but still didn't afford a super clear reflection. This could explain the biblical reference to seeing "as in a mirror, darkly" (3/9)
Read 9 tweets
Sep 13, 2021
Humans have long needed a way to keep track of numbers as they count. In many cultures, finger counting is common. If you live in the United States or China, you probably count to five like this, but there are many different ways to achieve the same goal. (1/8) Image
Variations of five-finger counting exist all around the globe, and between languages, as well. The Pekai-Alue in Papua New Guinea are notable in that the folded, rather than the extended, fingers are the ones counted. (2/8) Image
What happens when you need to count past five? Well, then it gets more interesting. In the US and much of Eurasia, the counting continues onto the other hand, up to 10. If you need to go past that, you often just repeat the cycle from the beginning. (3/8) Image
Read 8 tweets
Jan 11, 2021
I’ve recently been reading through “The Butchering Art”, a terrific account of 19th century surgery & the introduction of germ theory & anesthesia to Victorian medicine. I highly recommend reading it yourself, but here are some interesting tidbits that caught my attention (1/10)
(2) First, as you can imagine, early surgery was absolutely awful & almost always a last resort. One thing I didn’t realize was that back then, the best surgeons were the *fastest* surgeons — for instance, Robert Liston could remove a leg in less than thirty seconds (!).
(3) Early surgery was limited to “peripheral” conditions, like lacerations & fractures. This is because entering the body in surgery was almost always fatal due to infection. This led to the distinction of physicians practicing “internal medicine”, a term that still persists.
Read 10 tweets
Oct 9, 2020
Culture can evolve rapidly, much faster than genes. Due to this, cultural changes can create new environments that in turn shape our genes. This is called “culture-gene coevolution” & there are some really cool examples of it in humans, especially when it comes to our diets. 1/
The classic example is “lactase persistence”. Most mammals can break down the sugar in milk — lactose — using an enzyme called lactase. But, in most species, this enzyme goes away around the time they stop nursing. Why is it that a third of adult humans can still digest milk? 2/
The answer is culture. In some "hot spots", people started herding animals. This opened up a new resource: animal milk. In at least 2 events, mutations that let people keep producing lactase were selected for. The variant in the Middle East is likely due to camel milk 🐫 3/
Read 6 tweets
May 15, 2020
In the ongoing battle against herbivores, some plants have evolved unusually clever defenses 🌿 Here are a few I find particularly interesting. (1/6)
Some plants pretend to be infested by aphids to keep actual aphids away. On the left is a branch of Paspalum paspaloides, with a number of dark anthers on it that look like aphids. Compare that to an actual aphid infestation on the right. A pretty compelling copy, no? (2/6)
In addition to growing spines and thorns to keep predators away, some plants enhance the effect with “automimicry” — copying the patterns of their spines on their leaves to look more ferocious. Below are a couple Agave plants showing off this trait. (3/6)
Read 7 tweets

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