Occurs when you choose to continue, or discontinue, a behaviour based on the positive or negative reinforcement you've received for that behaviour previously
Also known as "trial-and-error" learning
Blind spot
An area of thought or perception that goes unchecked and can have negative consequences
Something you systematically overlook either intentionally, but more likely, subconsciously. It leads to a distortion of reality and inferior thinking
Choice-supportive bias
The tendency to remember our choices as better than they actually were
We choose option A over B, we are likely to dismiss faults of A, while amplifying faults of B. Conversely, we'll amplify the advantages of A and de-emphasize those of option B
Denomination Effect
We are less likely to spend money in the form of large bills relative to the equivalent amount in smaller bills
A $50 note has the same value as 10 $5 notes, but we will invariably spend the lower value notes before we even think of touching the $50
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Describes how, when we are choosing between two alternatives, the addition of a third, less attractive option (decoy) can influence our perception of the original two choices
Distinction Bias
Describes how, in decision-making, we tend to overvalue the differences between two options when we examine them together
Conversely, we consider these differences to be less important when we evaluate the options separately
As a group size increases, individuals tend to become increasingly less productive
Consider a tug of war. As more people are involved, their average performance tends to decrease because each participant feels that their own effort is not critical
Group Attribution Error
Falsely assuming that the views and decision outcomes of a collective group reflect the view of each member in that group, even when information is available that indicates that all members do not support the decision