In other words, fortresses win no war, the fighting spirit of men do.
Greek Bronze Helmet of the Corinthian Type-5th century B.C. at The Met [1]
Asked which was better virtue, courage or justice, the king said:
Courage would be good for nothing, if there were no justice & if all men were just, there would be no need of courage.
-Agesilaus II of Sparta (king from 399-358 BC) recorded in Plutarch's Sayings of the Spartans
Small bronze figurine, 6th-century BC, depicting a long-braided hair Spartan commander wearing a transverse-crested helmet, possibly a king, wearing his characteristic (red) cloak. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art [1]
"Know that happiness to be the fruit of freedom and freedom of courage."
-Pericles, Funeral Oration 431-30 BC as recorded by Thucydides
Marble portrait bust of Pericles wearing a helmet pushed back on his head. 2nd c. AD Roman copy of an earlier Greek original. His name is inscribed in Greek. At the British Museum [1]
This short thread of relevant quotations by ancient Greeks & Spartans sought to illuminate current (geo)political events driven by a fallible human nature that remains unchanged across centuries. [1]
As you read this thread of ancient voices think about how freedom has been a small footnote in the countless pages of world history dominated by authoritarian leaders. [2]
Beware, a dying liberty is often neglected, it slowly fades, unseen by those who have never lost it.
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One of the greatest masterpieces of Greek art, Nike of Samothrace is unrivaled in the personification of that victorious divine spirit carrying human perseverance beneath her wings.
Nike of Samothrace (with wings details) Parian marble, Hellenistic c. 200–190 BC-The Louvre
One of my favorite Nike depictions is this striking "one-wing" Nike, which seems to have survived by losing one of her wings, thus heralding a prophetic cry: Victory is never gained unscathed.
Nike Bronze statuette-Hellenistic period at The Louvre.
Three Greek poetic epithets describing Ares, God of War:
Λαοσσοος- Laossoos: "He Who Rallies Men"
Μιαιφονος- Miaiphonos: "Blood-stained"
Ανδρειφοντης- Andreiphontês: "Destroyer of Men"
-Bronze Corinthian Helmet [detail] 5th c. BC
These two Homeric epithets for Ares: Areiphatos & Areiktamenos mean respectively "killed by Ares" & "killed in War", i.e. Ares ultimately embodies every death in war.
Roman bronze statue of Mars, God of War [face detail] 2nd century AD -at Gaziantep Museum, Turkey [1]
I'd like to imagine this is how Plato's soul remembered the equine head's timeless, unchangeable Form.
A Greek terracotta horse head from Taras (Taranto) Magna Graecia-ca. 4th c. BC
Plato's Theory of Forms/Reminiscence:
A Form is both aspatial (transcendent to space) and atemporal (transcendent to time)
Immortality of the soul grants us
anamnesis i.e re-membrance by the soul of knowledge of the perfect forms [horseness] attained in a previous existence[1]
The Form is an essence (Horseness) i.e distinct singular ideal that causes plural representations of itself (horses) in the physical world.
Forms are unchanging, physical things are in constant change. The Forms can be grasped through rational intellect not fallible senses [2]