Door to ‘diuretic’ time: earlier administration of loop diuretics is associated with improved outcomes independent of HF severity (2/9). jacc.org/doi/abs/10.101…
The first dose of the loop diuretic should be 40 mg furosemide (=1 mg bumetanide) in diuretic naïve and twice the home dose in patients on loop diuretic (3/9).
Diuretics work for 6-8 hours so evaluate the effect within hours after administration. The next dose should be individualized according to the natriuretic and/or diuretic response which should be Na > 50-70 meq/l and/or volume > 100-150 ml/hour (4/9).
In case of ‘good diuretic – natriuretic’ response: continue similar dose every 12 hours until decongested. In case of ‘suboptimal diuretic – natriuretic’ response: double the dose immediately and evaluate again. Maximum dose furosemide is 200 mg IV bolus, three times daily (5/9).
After 24 hours: When urinary output is > 3-4 l/ 24 hours, continue current dose regimen. When < 3-4 l/24 hours, diuretic escalation is warranted (6/9).
Four very important rules when using diuretic therapy in HF with congestion (7/9).
Look out for the worldwide #ENACTHF study, led by @JeroenDauw
and PUSH-AHF, led by @jozinetm who are testing this algorithm (8/9).
2/10. The kidney is a remarkable vascular organ. Renal blood flow = 1000 ml/min, renal plasma flow = 600 ml/min.
3/10. Elevated central venous pressure affects renal function significantly more than reduced cardiac output in heart failure. jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.…
Glomerulus: renal blood flow ↓ in HF, but the kidney tries to maintain GFR by afferent arteriolar vasodilation and efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. This leads to single-nephron hyperfiltration initially preserving total GFR, but further damaging the glomerulus. (2/6)
Proximal tubules: hyperfiltration leads to ↑ water and solutes filtered, but ↓ remaining in the peritubular capillaries. Due to ↑ peritubular capillary oncotic pressure + ↑ renal lymph flow -> ↑ water and Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubules (3/6)