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Lazarus Long Profile picture
@LazarusLong13
Jul 26, 2022 • 44 tweets • 23 min read • Read on X
Speaking of the CDC - a thread on them NOT recommending masks - although an outbreak on a plane in 2021 was stopped by masks.

Per the actual monkeypox lead for the CDC.

And more - enjoy:

#MonkeypoxIsAirborne.

According to the CDC Travel department. Thank you, @jmcrookston .

"... Person to person spread is principally respiratory..."

Someone is going to try and squawk about respiratory droplets. Let's head that off at the pass.

wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowb… Image
The word is respiratory. Not respiratory droplets.

The word comes from respire.

Which comes from the Latin word "respirare."

To breathe in, and to breathe out.

I don't breathe in and out spittle. Neither do you.

We both breathe in and out aerosols. Airborne aerosols. Image
Expect that page to change now that I am notifying @CDCgov that their travel department has given the game away.

And relax. Breathe in clean air through your N95. Don't breathe in monkeypox.

(H/t @fitterhappierAJ ) Image
If there is asymptomatic transmission with a disease already suspected of airborne transmission? Odds go way up that it's airborne.

Because it moves airborne ahead of droplets. No symptoms means no coughing (no droplets).

Further tying asymptomatic transmission to monkeypox. It would be foolhardy to think this does not happen.

You might wonder why I am hammering down on this? #CoVidIsAirborne was SIGNIFICANTLY delayed due to authorities proclaiming not airborne since not asymptomatic.

Not this
time.

At the very least, even the most stubborn Benjamin Button type of science writer would concede that we should assume asymptomatic transmission is occurring.

Especially because they report what the authorities are reporting.

And the CDC as seen in an MMWR, used the
precautionary principle to euthanize those animals who might have asymptomatically transmitted monkeypox.

This was the 2003 outbreak:
cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/m… Image
This next one is an exercise in logic and an understanding of aerosols.

H/T @NjbBari3 !

Ok, noninvasive means ... See 👇

And here's the thing.

Those who were close to an animal? 80% experienced upper respiratory symptoms.

Using Occam's Razor, is it more likely the person touched the animal, then their mouth having just touched a prairie dog? Image
Or they were close enough for the concentrated cloud of near field aerosols surrounding the clustered cages, to be inhaled?

Keeping in mind, fomites, once thought to be one of the two main ways of infection of CoVid, are now relegated to the 1in 10,000 kitchen junk drawer.
Now, this is a HOT #MonkeypoxIsAirborne update.

You see, evidently they have been collaborating with Congo for a long time.

And it turns out it's airborne.

Per them.

H/t to @lavika and @sri_srikrishna .

Image
Of course, some will try to twist the above sneezing and coughing to mean droplet.

The key is "through the air" . And this is why you are glad that a #CoVidIsAirborne team member is now giving you the guided tour.

Because the phrase "through the air" has only one
meaning in CDC-landia.

For example, with TB. For sure known to be airborne by the CDC.

"Through the air."👇

cdc.gov/tb/publication… Image
Here is the Congo travel warning. Lots of backups to web archive.

wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices…
Another #MonkeyPoxIsAirborne Update!

H/T @DrEricDing and the US DHS.

"Humans can be contagious
before a visible rash appears and can continue shedding the virus weeks after symptoms
have dissipated. "

No symptoms means no lesions. No coughing.
dhs.gov/sites/default/…
What does that leave?

Just like CoVid, breathing, talking, laughing, etc - because it is airborne via aerosols.

And look at that, @celinegounder @benryanwriter, DHS confirming airborne aerosols

"Sources of laboratory-acquired infections include exposure to aerosols..." Image
The CDC should just write this thread on #MonkeypoxIsAirborne .

"... Wear a well-fitting mask..."

You don't need a mask for lesions or fomites.

You don't need a well-fitting mask for droplets.

You only need a well-fitting mask for airborne.

Image
This is getting embarrassing.

How is a smaller Anon account just beating the daylights out of the @CDCgov with their own words, over and over?

BTW, @CDCgov, in the linked doc, why not just recommend N95s?

There is no shortage.

Hmm.. let me put it in terms you can
understand.

@3M, a multinational corporation, will make more money if you actually say "N95."

(No offense intended 3M... Love your products, but when you speak to 5 year olds, you have to use words they understand.)
Yet another source for #MonkeyPoxIsAirborne.

Dynamed. A point of care solution by physicians for physicians.
dynamed.com/condition/orth… Image
Another update for #MonkeyPoxIsAirborne.

H/t @citlanx.

@celinegounder along with Benjamin has been pointing to the mostly MSM network of transmission as proof positive that it's not airborne.

As I have pointed out, it's just in that network.
Eventually, it will branch out.
You know the phrase - if you don't know your history, you will be doomed to repeat it?

Back in 2008, everyone was reporting that the drug-resistant MRSA was relegated to the MSM network.

And it was. For example, the @nytimes itself reported that MRSA was isolated to gay men.
archive.ph/ZNjAc

"A separate part of the study found that gay men in San Francisco were about 13 times more likely to be infected than other people in the city."

I am grateful that @apoorva_nyc has been reporting the possibilities of airborne transmission
in the NYTimes - even in the face of pushback from the CDC Director.

This MSRA history might be handy, Ms. Mandavilli.
archive.ph/Ftkc2d

Because there is no more mention of MSM with MRSA.

Sometime in the near future, certain parties will take a
mayoclinic.org/diseases-condi…
a break from Twitter. The CDC's website (am I the only one who views the focus on MSM as homophobic?) will be quietly redacted.
Welcome to the #MonkeypoxIsAirborne thread, @RougeMatisse

Excellent thread disconnecting sexual activity from Monkeypox.

Keep in mind - when we engage in sexual activity, our respiration rate increases - which means we see an increase in intake of aerosols.

Masters and Johnson had some classic work embedded in this study - the whole thing was fascinating.
sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1016/s0002-…
I haven't found any studies actually documenting the production of aerosols during sex - would love to give a H/t and include you in the thread if you know of one.

Given that the Gesundheit 2 might be ergonomically difficult to work with during sexual activity? Image
Another #MonkeyPoxIsAirborne update.

I almost feel sorry for
@benryanwriter @celinegounder as the onslaught of non-MSM cases begins.

You two probably won't watch it all the way through, but yep.... she shared that it's also airborne.

tiktok.com/t/ZTRUfTThX/?k…
I've just deleted a tweet where I stated that Monkeypox is only handled at BSL4 labs - that was incorrect.

The law does state that:
law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/42/73…

But, there was a caveat not viewable on that page, but over here is citation #4.

selectagents.gov/sat/list.htm

My apologies! Image
#MonkeyPoxisAirborne - because we breathe it out through - even when there are NO lesions present.

If lesions are present, then it's even more airborne due to those nasty little skin flakes.

Mask up, folks.
#MonkeyPoxIsAirborne - via a saliva test that correctly predicted the infected.

Huh?

Please bear with me.

Excellent results for saliva test:
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

This is huge for ring vaccination strategies.

Also, huge for airborne. 5 of 22 had no symptoms at the Image
time of test. 23%.

4 of the 5 did not have symptoms AT THE TIME. Which meant they went on to develop symptoms.

And yet they tested positive.

The authors nailed it as a concern.

Most likely - if you can test for it? You can spread it.

Mask it up! Image
#MonkeypoxIsAirborne because fomites are very rare.

"Only about 0.2% of people have caught the virus through contact with contaminated material, according to a recent report from the WHO."

Which suddenly make the sorts of reports in the next tweet?

statnews.com/2022/08/10/wha…
Make you realize it's airborne.

A Six Flags worker caught it just by walking by his coworker.

Image
#MonkeypoxIsAirborne - because NHS from the UK says its spread by coughing or sneezing. Which as we all know is accompanied by turbulent clouds of aerosols.

Which are airborne. This is for sneezing - coughing has the same basic mechanism.

nhs.uk/conditions/mon… Image
As always - there are many forms of transmission with monkeypox. Though as we saw above, thanks to the WHO, actual fomite-based infection is far below .5% of cases.

"A new airborne Ebola-like viral disease, referred to as ‘Monkeypox’ has hit the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital."

"They said the symptoms of the disease include...cough.."

H/t @mdc_martinus for:
guardian.ng/news/monkey-po…

H/t @Iamgoingtosleep for the top qt and pic. Image
A mystery infection. How, oh how, could he have been infected?

#MonkeypoxIsAirborne. Second study this progression has been observed.

Enters respiratory. Then to lymph, the off to the races, and finally the lesions on the skin.

H/t @beansprouts_mom

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More from @LazarusLong13

Lazarus Long Profile picture
Jan 28
This may be the biggest news of the decade. Completely overshadowed by shenanigans in the White House.

It looks like H5N1 reinfections are entirely possible. This means that our farms are going to be a never-ending circulating pump of H5N1.

This. Is. Not. Good.

/1 But reinfections suggest that the virus, called H5N1, could circulate on farms indefinitely, finding opportunities to evolve into a more dangerous form — a “high-risk” scenario, said Louise Moncla, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania. “You could easily end up with endemically circulating H5 in dairy herds without symptoms, obscuring rapid or easy detection,” Dr. Moncla said.
How long can our luck go on?

We now have Bobcats with the one mutation that we really don't want to see.

The PB2 E627K mutation.

"The PB2 E627K mutation is a dominant adaptation marker in most human-adapted influenza A viruses. " PB2 E627K is a mutation in the PB2 gene of the influenza A virus that changes the amino acid glutamic acid (Glu) to lysine (Lys) at position 627. This mutation helps the virus replicate more efficiently in mammalian cells. How it affects the virus Replication: The PB2 E627K mutation helps the virus replicate more efficiently in mammalian cells. Disease severity: The PB2 E627K mutation can cause more severe disease in mammals. Temperature: The PB2 E627K mutation helps the virus replicate in the lower temperatures of the upper respiratory tract of mammals. How it affects humans Human-adap...
Read 9 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Jan 14
If you are taking public transport like in NYC? Mask up.

Pretty cool Master's Thesis for Biology - on bioaerosols like SARS-COV-2.

Set up a prototype aerosol sampler?

And find it in 52.9% of the samples in Beijing Railway Station and 44.4% at Beijing Subway Station.

/1 The subway station selected for this experiment was Xidan Subway Station, a major subway station on Lines 1 and 2 in Beijing and serves as an important subway transit hub. The passenger flow of the station is expected to be around 7,000 – 12,000 during rush hours and less than 7,000 during non rush-hours. A total of 27 samples have been collected, with the first 10 collected around 9-10am in the morning or 3-4pm in the afternoon, which is considered non-rush hour and 17 collected during the rush hour period. Sampling was collected for 17 weeks in total, not necessarily consecutively taking ...
Bioaerosol Sampling in the Exit Area of Beijing Railway Station. BC500 was placed near the exit area of the Beijing Railway Station where passenger flow is expected to be the largest. Beijing Railway Station is one of the oldest train stations in Beijing with a large passenger flow that is around 60,000 passengers per day. The bioaerosol sampling device in this scenario is placed at the exit area of the train station, where passenger flow is relatively higher, ensuring better chances of sample collection. However, passenger flow, unlike the subway station is not divided into rush / non-rus...
Never mind this.

"Firstly, the high positive rate highlights the potential for airborne transmission of these viruses in crowded public areas"

Definitely do not flag this to anyone in a big city looking to ban masks.

Definitely do not do that with this new study. The findings of the experiments conducted in this thesis indicate that viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are not only present but also potentially widespread in these public spaces, which has several important implications. Firstly, the high positive rate highlights the potential for airborne transmission of these viruses in crowded public areas. This is consistent with existing literature that suggests densely populated environments with limited ventilation can facilitate the spread of respiratory viruses. The detection of multiple pathogens reinforces the importance of considerin...
Yes, nothing to see here.....

At Beijing Railway Station, positive samples were
52.9% SARS-CoV-2
47.1% Flu A
23.5% Flu B.

At Xidan Subway Station, positive samples were
44.4% SARS-CoV-2
18.5% Flu A
7.4% Flu B At Beijing Railway Station, 52.9% of samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 47.1% for influenza A, and 23.5% for influenza B. Additionally, 29.4% of the samples were positive for two pathogens, and 11.8% were positive for all three pathogens. The total percentage of negative samples at this location was 29.4%. At Xidan Subway Station, 44.4% of the samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 18.5% for influenza A, and 7.4% for influenza B. Moreover, 18.5% of the samples were positive for two pathogens, with no samples testing positive for all three pathogens. The total rate of negative samples ...
Image
Read 5 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 31, 2024
Sara Anne Willette's visualization tool - is not a list. It is a visual representation of a group of accounts, so that she can remove herself from them.

It uses only publicly facing data, available per the X TOS, and the API, not scraping.

IT WILL NOT EFFECT YOU AT ALL. Image
Image
There are some accounts 👇 and their followers that SHE JUST WANTS NOTHING TO DO WITH.

It is her choice to remove herself from any account she wants.

The actual data?

✔️ account creation date
✔️ the username of the account,
✔️ who they follow.

All obtained legally per TOS. The list. Ooo so scary. You all are acting like high school kids.
Describes user name
The LOCATION that you saw in the blurry used to get you all fired up!?

Picked up from the front page of the profile, but NOT USED.

I live in Temporarily Enabled, USA - but it is not my physical location.

That's it.

Some additional thoughts, from me, not Sara. Not using location
Read 18 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 23, 2024
Ozone. A pollutant no matter where it is - outdoors or indoors.

#DYK that indoor inhalation is 25% to 60% of total intake? Per Weschler?

iaqscience.lbl.gov/increases-ozone

#DYK that MOST indoor ozone comes from OUTDOORS? Per Weschler?

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC16…

Truly worried?

🧵 Accounting for the differences between indoor and outdoor air ozone concentrations, Weschler [6] has estimated that indoor exposures to ozone are typically 45% to 75% of total exposures. Because breathing rates are lower when people are indoors, the indoor inhalation intake of ozone is typically 25% to 60% of total ozone intake. These estimates may be low for the population most affected by ozone—infants, the elderly, and those with respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Consequently, if there is no threshold concentration for the health effects of ozone, or if the threshold is low, roughl...
Although there are indoor sources of ozone, in most buildings indoor ozone has been transported from outdoors (Weschler 2000). Indoor ozone concentrations track outdoor concentrations with a slight time lag that depends on the air exchange rate. Ozone is removed by indoor surfaces as well as by gas-phase reactions, and hence, indoor concentrations tend to be smaller than co-occurring outdoor levels.
If you are TRULY worried, you should be focused on eliminating ozone, right?

You would be slipping into people's threads and sharing these cheap DIY activated carbon builds, right?

Because if you are TRULY concerned about ozone, you would not be slipping into threads of people showing pictures of their new FAR-UVC Torches - for any other reason, but to share the good word that the miniscule ozone generated could be eliminated.

VIRUS and OZONE free air.
Read 8 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 21, 2024
ACH ACPH - Air Exchanges per Hour.

An important topic since way before 2020, but given fresh vigor with our collective interest in clean air. Not just disease free air, but VOC, PFA, microplastic, mold, UFP, PM 1, PM 2.5, etc.

The outside air will infiltrate inside.

🧵
That ☝️picture is not typical.

Typical ACH - there can be general estimates, but every house is different. You can determine your own, as shown by @jljcolorado with help 👇👇. Jump to the section shown 👇.

medium.com/@jjose_19945/h…

The estimator is here
docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u… How to estimate the ventilation rate in practice
I am grateful for input and suggestions on this topic from Andy Persily, Shelly Miller, Dustin Poppendiek, Ty Newell, Rich Corsi, Bill Bahnfleth, and Jeff Siegel.
The thread about that article is here. Some excellent discussion on it by some very good scientists, including those Dr. Jimenez acknowledges. Those folks are also on Xitter.

Read 15 tweets
Lazarus Long Profile picture
Dec 21, 2024
Ozone. FAR-UVC. GUV222.

New preprint.

Room with 1.3 ACH (1.3 h-1) (like your home).

1 lamp was good enough to disinfect room. Produced "negligible" ozone. -0.62 ±0.03 ppb

Even with 4x the needed strength? 6.98 ±0.24 ppb. -0.62 ±0.03
We refer to this room as “Room A.” Room A has no window, and is connected via a door to a large, open plan lounge area in the office suite. This Lounge space was used for baseline measurements. The door between Room A and the Lounge was closed during experiments. The air exchange rate in Room A was measured using the CO2 tracer method [33] with portable CO2 sensors (Aranet4) to be 1.3 h-1 (Supplementary Information). Room A and the lounge are carpeted. Room A is equipped with a conference table, a small wooden desk, and chairs. It also has room lighting and a wall-mounted computer monitor. ...
Tests with a single fixture used a Lumenlabs Lumenizer 300 (Lumenlabs, Shanghai, China) and tests with four fixtures used Lumenlabs Zone devices. Each of these fixtures contains three optically filtered KrCl bulbs with a peak emission wavelength of 222 nm. The optical output of a Lumenizer fixture is 55 mW and the optical output of a single Zone fixture is 190 mW. According to the manufacturer, each Lumenizer 300 fixture is capable of disinfecting a 4m x 4m room; therefore, a single Lumenizer 300 unit would be normally deployed for a room the size of Room A in this study. That is to say, th...
The conclusion? One lamp does not impact the air quality.

With 4 times OVERKILL.

Under 10 ppb. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA)? minor increases in particulate matter (16% increase particulate matter, 10 % increase in particle number count). We have observed the effects of far-UVC on indoor ozone and particulate matter under conditions of real-world application in a small conference room with low ventilation. We find that a single Lumenizer 300 far-UVC lamp, specified by the manufacturer to be sufficient for disinfection of the space, does not negatively impact indoor air quality through net generation of O3 or PM under the conditions of our experiment. Far-UVC may be a valuable component of a multilayer approach to reduce the risk of transmission of respiratory viruses, used in combination with ventilation and other interventi...
This was not Nukit's lamp.

But it was the same wavelength.



Context.... chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxi…The far-UVC average fluence used for the lower-intensity (single lamp) experiments in this study was 0.2 μW cm-2. According to the manufacturer, one lamp is recommended for disinfection of a room the size of Room A. The modelled average fluence and irradiance values are consistent with conditions observed by Eadie et al. in a chamber study to reduce airborne pathogens (S. aureus) by 92% or more [16]. Under these conditions, we did not measure significant changes in ozone level or particulate matter in Room A, despite the relatively low ventilation conditions in the room
Read 5 tweets

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