1/ Why is there no uprising in #Russia against #Putin? And what motivates the conscripts to join the brutal #WarinUkraine? A long thread on social divisions in #Russian society. There have been other periods in history, when commentators have asked:
2/ “How does it chime, the barbarity of rapes, the shelling, pillage, devastation—and, indeed, the apathy of Russian society—with the magnificence of Russian Culture? Did not this nation give us Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Shostakovich, Sakharov, maestroslike Evgeny Kissin,Emil Gilels?”
3/ And then there’s Chekhov and Bulgakov, Pasternak, Tsvetaeva, and Mussorgsky and Bunin… Rudolf Nureyev. The list goes on. Behind these binaries defying comprehension lies a fundamental misconception about the Russian social fabric, which goes back to the communist period.
4/ Many in the west continue to share the myth that communism erased the social divisions of Tzarist Russia and while the USSR was unequal, these were somehow new inequalities intrinsic to the nature of the communist project.
5/I’ve summarised my objections to these arguments in my new book on the Russian social divisions: 5-minute video about the book cambridge.org/core/books/est…
6/(see also 5-minute video about the book Estate Origins. On inequalities in #Russia you may listen also to my latest podcast What’s the future of capitalism? lse.ac.uk/lse-player?id=…
7/The social patterns of war draft now expose the subtle divisions that never disappeared—between the better educated bourgeoisie (merchants, wealthy rural tradesmen) plus the superbly educated aristocracy whose descendants became the so-called new soviet intelligentsia,ononehand
8/and the large mass of latter-day peasant society a large chunk of which had experienced serfdom, on the other. Many people have in the past written about Putin’s disdain for westernised intelligentsia because of how he experienced USSR collapse (contd in next thread)
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thread contd. 20/and who increasingly trained as engineers and doctors; scores became prominent entrepreneurs. An equally important social group constituting the modern professional class were the non-Russian princes and lesser nobility in the colonial possessions of the frontier
21/And then there were the sons and daughters of Tatar mullahs—Muslim clerics. Like children of the Orthodox clergy, even in rural areas, they habitually aspired to a modern education.
22/ And like Ukrainians now, these minority communities shared an overarching sense of nation-building purpose, something that spurred them into activism in the public sphere.
thread contd. 15/as indeed in the sense of exposure to enlightenment because of travel, and through marriage. Their matrons, home tutors, and schoolteachers, were habitually French, German, and English. The schools that the privileged attended were often Protestant in spirit,
16/engendering a certain ethos of a civility and public service.
And in the provinces, the civic notables dominating the public sphere were not just of Russian aristocratic Orthodox and Old Believer merchant stock but were often of Polish or German extraction.
17/The Germanic community included Baltic aristocracy and German and Dutch Mennonite settlers whom the Empress Catherine the Great invited to Russia to help colonise the frontier in the eighteenth century. Poles were prominent in the professions in Siberia and the Volga regions;
thread contd: 9/ few people discuss Putin's attitude towards the liberal intelligentsia as shaped by his origins in the social bottom of Leningrad/St Petersburg society, a city which towards the end of the Tzarist period had districts where one/ten people were in the nobility
10/Many aristocrats continued to colonise prestigious inner-city districts even after the Revolution; many quietly morphed into the soviet intelligentsia, occupying elite professions in the arts, academia, publishing.
11/A proportion of the educated estates that morphed into the modern middle class also shared another notable characteristic with the privileged in Tsarist Russia. The aristocracy were often European, not solely in their outlook, but by origin,
26/While other nations may have shared similar legacies of social divide, the impulse to resist against a large colonising power created a shared sense of national unity and purpose that helped bridge social divides(on legacies of division and empires see @vcharnysh).
27/The social inequalities had a pronounced territorial component. Natalya Zubarevich and other Russian economic and political geographers have written about multiple “Russias” within one country.
28/There are the broken rural and small-town peripheries where the people have never historically identified with the Moscow and St Pete. elites, because they are from minorities or have been socially underprivileged under the Tzars, Soviets and Putin. They are used as war fodder
Continuing on prev. thread: 15/to understand Putin’s actions and social support, we need to look at domestic power consolidation, economic oligarchy (@CatherineBelton, K.Dawisha, A.Ledeneva), or gendered politics (V. Sperling,others), factors far removed from concerns about NATO
16/I find the work of scholars on the wider region far more relevant to understanding Russia than what the Kissingers and the Measheimers and the other “pundits” have to say about the motivations for aggression, Russian nationalism, or the future of Russia.
A longish thread elaborating on my concern with the sweeping generalization about “Russianists” @apmassaro3 1/ When we hear that “Russianists” have got it wrong let’s first establish how different people understand “Russianists”; then we can discuss what they got “wrong.”
2/ First, I sense from comments that some misunderstand “Russianists” to mean “Russians.” Let’s dispense with that assumption first because I think @apmassaro3 was referring to pundits of whatever national provenance who write/comment on Russia.
3/For the record, I was born in Uzbekistan, my ancestors include ethnic and religious minorities (Poles, sectarians). Family have suffered exile, Gulag, terror. My co-auth. of “Russianist” papers include scholars from Africa(the brilliant economist Lullit Getachew, from Ethiopia)