#SARSCoV2 and animals: an article and a thread on spillacks, secondary spillovers, and their #pandemic significance 1/n (Greek version can be found here: facebook.com/giorgos.pappas…) 
We have long known that most epi-pandemics are #zoonoses. Our anthropocentric view of nature causes them and builds a pandemic century. Many of us have been discussing this for long: 2/n onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…
It's not easy to eradicate a pathogen (in smallpox mode) when the pathogen also resides outside your detection area (not that we actually tried to eradicate SARS-CoV-2...) 3/n nejm.org/doi/full/10.10…
More than 30 animal species have been confirmed as infected from SARS-CoV-2, ranging from anteaters and armadillos to tigers and lions and domestic animals, one can stay up-to-date through @WOAH_Global and the SARS-ANI initiative 4/n nature.com/articles/s4159…
What the mink taught us: When you imprison susceptible animals in packed cages, you allow rapid viral evolution, emergence of immune-evasive variants, secondary spillovers to human, spillover to other animal species; see Denmark and Netherlands, let alone the ethical issue 5/n
What we didn't learn from minks: in Greece, with >1000 dead mink, no culling policy, public ignorance about the issue, and inadequate wildlife mink monitoring one wonders whether we are aware of the extent of the viral circulation and its consequences 6/n eurosurveillance.org/content/10.280…
Are animal vaccines a "savior" of the mink industry (and animal infection in general)? We have the Russian Carnivac-Cov, the (used in zoos) @Zoetis vaccine, and the @APDN approach. We still need efficacy and implementation and animal species width data 7/n veterinary.arriah.ru/jour/article/v…
What the zoos taught us: Numerous outbreaks, lions, tigers, hippos, lynx, gorillas, etc. Infected through zoo personnel, animal-to-animal transmission then, deaths also. NY, Chicago (even post vaccination!), South Africa, Prague, Barcelona, India 8/n onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.11…
What the white-tailed deer taught us: extended reservoir, even of disappeared VOCs (alpha/ gamma), accidentally discovered (surveillance for other reasons) Mutations and secondary spillover. Armadillos also serve as disappeared VOCs reservoir (gamma) 9/n biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
What the rodents taught us: Possible role of mice in Omicron emergence (spillback-mutational adaptation-2ndary spillover). Hong Kong outbreak (>80 humans) form imported Dutch hamsters: not a paradox, it's just how pandemics run. 10/n tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10…
What our pets taught us: cats/ dogs get infected in infected households. They ARE parts of the family. Animal to animal transmission possible, spillover to stray animals also possible. Minimal role in sustaining pandemic though. Risk for vets though. 11/n onehealthoutlook.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…
What haven't we learned yet: Is human SARS-CoV-2 circulation just a fraction of the viral natural history? Can older VOCs return after hiding in animals? Are we surveying enough for animal-derived novel VOCs? What is the viral effect on species in risk of extinction? 12/n
Is it possible to envisage a “harmonious” co-existence of people with SARS-CoV-2 without addressing its parallel, undetected evolution through animals?
How realistic is disease eradication when transmission pathways involving spillbacks and secondary spillovers are left out? 13/n
How realistic is disease eradication when transmission pathways involving spillbacks and secondary spillovers are left out? 13/n
We prepared an article about all aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and animals. It has just been published in @Micro_MDPI- updated until the last moment (foxes positive in Switzerland!). It can be found here, with further analysis, tables, and extended literature 14/n mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/1…
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