1/ The CAS9 system comes with 2 components. The first is the guide RNA and the second is the CAS9 enzyme itself. The CAS9 is made up of a few key domains with the two nucleases that are the HNH and RuvC domains.

2/ Both the nucleases will activate and make a double stranded break at the exact same location in the DNA on both strands. Some CAS9 enzymes have one of these 2 nucleases mutated to be inactive. These are called a Nickase as they will only cut 1 strand of DNA.

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Biotech2k

@Biotech2k1

Dec 3

🧵Hashing

Here we will look at the concept of hashing in cryptocurrencies.

1/ The Hash is actually a function. Its not encryption. Its more like data compression as it takes information of any length and outputs a 256 bit (64 character) output. I refer to this as digital fingerprinting. Here is how it works.

2/ The input can be anything from a name to a transaction, or it can be an entire book, a movie or even encyclopedia. No matter how big the input data is, the hash function always puts out the same fixed length output.

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Biotech2k

@Biotech2k1

Dec 3

🧵Types of CRISPR

Here we will look at the discovery of CAS9 and the many types of CAS enzymes.

1/ The CRISPR system was discovered in 2012 by two scientists by the names of Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier. While studying the CRISPR immune systems of the bacteria Streptococcus Pyogenes, they discovered a system that could be adapted for human genome editing.

2/ CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly InterSpaced Palindromic Repeats. It turned out this system was the immune system for the bacteria. We covered this system in our previous thread.

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Biotech2k

@Biotech2k1

Dec 3

🧵Intro to CRISPR

Here we will look at the discovery of CRISPR.

1/ What does CRISPR stand for? It stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. This was discovered by scientists studying bacteria. Bacteria get infected by viruses called Bacteriophages. They attach to the bacteria and inject their viral DNA.

2/ Scientists noticed that the bacteria genome had a sequence of repeats. It showed a small sequence of DNA then a repeat followed by another small sequence and another repeat. They named this area of the bacteria genome the CRISPR region. This is the bacteria's immune system.

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Biotech2k

@Biotech2k1

Dec 2

Meiosis

This will look at the process of Meiosis and Gamete formation.

1/ Meiosis is a 2 stage process for the formation of gametes which are used to pass on the genetic information for reproduction. The first cell cycle is called Meiosis I and it is the duplication of the chromosomes into homologous chromatids.

2/ During Meiosis I the process of all 46 chromosomes getting copied by DNA synthesis is the same as in mitosis. You end up with 46 homologous chromatids. What happens when the cells actually split, is very different.

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