Proposed pathophysiological pathways leading to the cardiorenal syndrome and its complications
"The inciting event is usually an acute decompensation of heart failure. This may lead to either arterial underfilling or venous congestion as mediators that promote neurohormonal activity, inflammation, & endothelial dysfunction. In combination, these pathways lead to ⬇️ in GFR.
Complications include Na avidity and fluid retention, reduced kidney clearance, and endocrine function, all of which further perpetuate the pathophysiology".
ICU stories (from the trenches): 70 yo pt w hx of A-fib/CAD/ICM w EF 25%/VT ablation s/p BiV ICD/CKD/HTN/HLD/peripheral vasc dz/COPD etc presented to outside 🏥 w SOB/weakness/falls. Labs: wbc 15k/creat 3.5 (baseline 2.0)/INR: 8.5/AST/ALT/Tbil: 180/250/3.0, lactate 3.5
RUQ US was obtained to work-up elevated LFTs:
Diagnosed w bilateral PNA/AKI/liver dysfunction. Treated for sepsis w ivf boluses, broad-spectrum antibiotics, steroids, bicarb. Continue to get worse; due to ⬆️O2 needs, transferred to our 🏥. I saw her the next am: in resp distress while on BiPAP 15/10-100%, abg 7.26/50/70/19.
ICU stories (a common one): It's Saturday, Jan 28, 2023. You just came on service at 7:00 am & at the same time, they were rolling in a case from the OR (Friday night case = never good...). 65 yo pt w DM2/diastolic HF/CAD/A fib/HTN/PVD. Had 10 ds' hx of abd pain; CT A/P showed
evidence of ischemic bowel. Pt came to the ICU after an exp-laparotomy w partial small bowel resection. The gut was left in discontinuity & the abdomen was left open. Pt still sedated & paralyzed, on norepi 0.18. A sleep-deprived anesth CRNA is telling you that the surgeon plans
to bring the pt back to OR for 2nd look on Monday. You feel so lucky; pt already has lines from the OR, you just have to keep him sedated for 2 days. Piece of cake! You move on to the other pts but the RN interrupts your dream rounds in 5 min. What about maintenance fluids, doc?
ICU stories (a brief one): One hour before the end of the am shift, u walk around in the ICU to make sure thinks look OK before u type your sign-out note. You spot the resp therapist & the nurse bagging the pt in Rm 306. From the hallway, u see the monitor: HR 160, RR/45, Sat 70%
This is a 30 yo pt w hx of a catastrophic brain bleed, s/p trach & PEG, admitted 2 wks ago w MDR Klebsiella UTI. Doing well, on trach mask 28%, until the episode of acute/unexpected desaturation
When u examine the pt, s/he is in extremis (accessory muscle use-tachycardic-tachypneic-diaphoretic). BP: 105/55. You grab the stethoscope that the resp therapist wears around his neck & you hear breath sounds in both sides (pt is skinny...)
Judging from yesterday's post, many friends are interested in how to get the most out of these books 👇 and ace the exams, so a few more tips are on their way:
1. Tylenol use can lead to high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Don’t ask me about the mechanism! 2. Every patient who manages to fly eastbound with Southwest Airlines & subsequently develops pneumonia not responding to common antibiotics has actually blastomycosis
3. Every oncology patient who receives chemo is destined to develop tumor lysis syndrome. Please learn about hydration/allopurinol/rasburicase 4. Along these lines, every oncology patient on immunotherapy will develop pneumonitis. Remember the steroids from yesterday’s post?
These books from @accpchest & @SCCM represent my study goal for this month. Before starting any (re-)certification exam & especially f you want to ace the tests, there are a few recent trends (& old habits/tricks) that you need to be aware of:
1. If there is an option of "doing nothing", this is most likely the correct answer. 2. There is always a mixed metabolic disorder. Memorize Winter's formula. 3. Prepare for several COVID-19-related questions. No surprise here...
4. TEG is very popular. Even of you are a dinosaur, you have to learn the basics about visco-elastic tests. 5. I know you have no CAR T-cell therapies in your hospital (& no one can really spell them correctly), but be prepared for managing cytokine release syndrome.
ICU stories: 65 yo pt, fairly healthy besides HTN & an episode of diverticulitis 3 y ago, is brought to the ED due to 2 wks' hx of abd pain & 1 d hx of N/V ("coffee-ground"). Looked "bad". SBP in 60s - improved to 80s w ivf. Intubated. Had CT A/P 👇:
While you review the CT images, you get the lab results: Lactate 10, WBC 3K, INR 2.0, BUN/Creat 100/3.0, CRP 500 mg/l, Procalcitonin 300. The ED is calling you for the admission. What consult(s) do you ask?
The CT A/P showed a large amount of free intra-peritoneal air; stomach & SB were mildly distended & partially fluid-filled. There was colonic diverticulosis without diverticulitis & mild wall thickening involving the descending colon & the sigmoid colon