Many have asked me how to differentiate (=DD) between longCovid and longVax(PVS).

Below I’ll try to give you, although lengthy, sorry, a simplified overview, with some references, to follow, but caution, we can dig even deeper!😉

It’s not a flow-chart, it’s an attempt to guide you in the DD.

Important remark first, longVax exists, yes, but is very rare, certainly today, but for the patient it can be hell.

Many longVax patients can actually be longCovid patients, a far larger group( >>millions!), post-C19!

Even Overlaps exist between the two but these are extremely rare!

Enjoy the read……but sit down first! 1/N A detailed history is of the utmost importance:
1.Timing of Onset:
-Long COVID symptoms typically emerge or persist 4-12 weeks post-infection resolution, with gradual evolution and a duration ≥2-3 months-years.

-PVS often has acute onset within hours to days post-vaccination (e.g., 1-7 days for initial fatigue/brain fog), progressing to chronicity in <1% of cases, with shorter latency to severe manifestations.
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

2.Symptom Profiles:
-Core overlaps include fatigue (58-70%), headache (44%), cognitive impairment/brain fog (27-40%), dyspnea (24-30%), myalgia, neuropathy, sleep disturbances, anxiety/depression, and post-exertional malaise (PEM, ME/CFS-like).

-Distinctions via clustering: Long COVID emphasizes respiratory (anosmia/dysgeusia, cough, sputum) and multi-system (psychiatric/sleep, e.g., insomnia, memory issues) symptoms; higher in earlier variants (e.g., Delta/Omicron).
researchgate.net/publication/39…

- PVS highlights neurological (burning paresthesia, numbness, visual disturbances, heat intolerance, tachycardia) and dermatological (herpes zoster) symptoms; less anosmia/dyspnea.

3.Unique Complications:
-Long COVID: Pulmonary fibrosis, new-onset diabetes, venous thromboembolism, dysautonomia (POTS), multi-organ impairment (e.g., post-ICU overlap); prevalence 30-50% post-infection.

-PVS: Vaccine-specific like myocarditis/pericarditis (young males, mRNA vaccines), VITT (adenoviral vaccines), autoimmune hepatitis, transverse myelitis; milder/self-limiting in most (0.2-1.4% chronic/PVS).
journals.viamedica.pl/medical_resear…

4.Demographics/Risk Factors:
-Long COVID: Females, older adults, severe initial infection, comorbidities (e.g., diabetes), regional variations (higher in South America).

-PVS: Young males (myocarditis), vaccine type-dependent (mRNA for cardiac, adenoviral for thrombotic).
news.yale.edu/2025/02/19/imm…

5.Evaluation Approach:
Detailed history (infection vs. vaccination confirmation via PCR/antibodies) with symptom scoring (e.g., PASC index ≥12) to rule out “mimics” (e.g., ME/CFS, fibromyalgia).
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
2/N

COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and autoimmunity: casual or causal liaisons?

🤔Intriguing review sparking a question, bear with me! 🧵👇

➡️“Evidence is accumulating on the contribution of COVID-19 to the onset or worsening of autoimmune diseases, as well as on EBV reactivation in COVID-19 patients, both early after infection and in those developing long COVID manifestations, the latter including autoimmune conditions.”

➡️“EBV reactivation has been associated with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its immune-related complications, as those occurring in long COVID.”

➡️“However, data on post-COVID EBV reactivation in the context of new or pre-existing autoimmune conditions are limited, making difficult to establish a direct role for EBV in the development or worsening of these conditions following SARS-CoV-2 infection.”

➡️“The exact relationship among COVID-19, EBV and autoimmunity is still not completely deciphered.”

➡️“It remains debated whether there is a casual or causative association between SARS-Cov-2 infection and EBV reactivation, and between EBV reactivation by SARS-CoV-2 and autoimmune disease relapse or first presentation or long COVID immune-related manifestations.” 1/n
sciencedirect.com/science/articl… So, we don’t have any effective EBV antivirals, a vaccine might prove beneficial here, but why don’t we have one already? Not that easy, but there’s some light emerging at the end of this dark EBV tunnel. 2/n

COVID-19: post infection implications in different age groups, mechanism, diagnosis, effective prevention, treatment, and recommendations

Again, Interesting review article, but now with an in-depth and detailed point analysis, worth your time and this 🧵👇

“This review offers a comprehensive understanding of the persistent effects of COVID-19 on individuals of varying ages, along with insights into diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and future preventative measures against the spread of SARSCoV-2”

Highlights
• COVID-19 induces long-term effects in individuals of both genders of various ages.
• Artificial intelligence-based COVID-19 diagnostic tools are efficient.
• Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments reduced the long-term impacts of
COVID-19.
• All vaccines significantly reduced the persistent effects of COVID-19.
• No vaccine provides lifetime protection against COVID-19.
• Protective measures greatly limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission 1/n Sarscov2 introduction 2/n

❗️Excellent new CardioVascular Autonomic dysfunction(CVAD) overview:
For one: "As well as global circulatory disturbances, CVAD in post-COVID-19 syndrome(LongCovid) can manifest as microvascular and endothelial dysfunction, with local symptoms such as headache, brain fog, chest pain, dyspnoea and peripheral circulatory symptoms, including skin discolouration, oedema, Raynaud-like phenomena, and heat and cold intolerance"
➡️ Your N. Vagus at work!😰
nature.com/articles/s4156…
➡️ "CVAD arises from a malfunction of the autonomic control of the circulation, and can involve failure or inadequate or excessive activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system" 2/n

SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)

Lets revisit this excellent study, with a breakdown today on how the different pathways 🧵

➡️“This reservoir could modulate host immune responses or release viral proteins into the circulation”

illustrating the possible huge impact from different angles on your immune system, while SarsCoV2 defend a prolonged occupancy of your body! 1/n 2/n

SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)

Lets dig into 1 of the 8 mechanisms that could cause LongCovid in this excellent study illustrating the importance of possible vagus involvement:

“SARS-CoV-2 reservoir may alter vagus nerve signaling”

🧵1/n
“A SARS-CoV-2 reservoir could also contribute to nonspecific PASC symptoms including fatigue, trouble concentrating, muscle and joint pain, sleep dysfunction, anxiety, depression, loss of appetite and autonomic dysfunction. These symptoms overlap with the sickness response (called ‘sickness behavior’ in animal models) that reflects the subjective and behavioral component of innate immunity and is largely mediated by signaling of the vagus nerve” 2/n

Why so little attention in #Belgium(=new red zone) for our well performing neighbor, Germany(Green zone)? They certainly seem to have their act together, surely they could be instrumental to learn from! #Thread #covid19 1/n
@alexanderdecroo @JanJambon @eliodirupo Testen:
FREE testing everywhere, with results in 15 minutes , to be stopped Oct 11, to further push unvaccinated to get their shot.
Mandatory tests in schools(2-3x/w) and all employers have to provide them for the employees at work. 2/n