Murad Banaji Profile picture
Mathematician. Antifascist. Used twitter mainly to write about India's covid19 epidemic. Words in The Wire, Scroll, The Hindu, The Quint, Caravan. He/him.
Potato Of Reason Profile picture Alex James Murikan Profile picture 2 subscribed
May 12, 2022 10 tweets 3 min read
My piece with @aashishg_ in The Hindu on India's pandemic deaths. The @WHO has now released its estimate of a staggering 4.7M excess deaths in India. Is this plausible? And how has the government responded? I want to focus on one bizarre claim, key to the govt response... (1/n) In its strident rebuttal of the WHO estimates, the government claimed that 99.9% of deaths were registered in India in 2020. There are made-up statistics which are plausible, and others which are laughable. This one is laughable. Let's see an example of how absurd it is...
Jan 19, 2022 6 tweets 2 min read
This is not surprising news. But let's remember some points. #thread
1) Excess deaths over the pandemic period likely number 3 to 5 million in India, or 6 to 11 times the official COVID-19 toll. This is now established in *multiple, independent* studies.
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gujarat-… 2) Most, but not necessarily all, of India's 3-5M excess deaths are likely COVID deaths.
3) There is huge variation between states/territories in what fraction of their pandemic deaths they recorded. We don't yet fully know why.
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Jan 7, 2022 5 tweets 2 min read
Mumbai COVID update. For two days Mumbai's cases have been at around 20K per day, almost double the previous record. But: there has been increased testing, and a large % of tests are PCR tests. Even so, Mumbai's infection levels are probably at an all-time high. (1/5) ImageImage Are the cases from the slums? Wardwise data suggests most are from non-slum areas. My estimate from the data: 15-20% of cases were from the slums in the last week. This in no way implies lower infection rates in the slums - we know detection in the slums is *much* weaker. (2/5)
Jan 3, 2022 10 tweets 3 min read
There is no doubt that India will soon face a huge flood of Omicron infections - including many reinfections and many amongst vaccinated people. A short thread on what to expect. (In brief: too early to be sure!)

Let's start with Mumbai which is ahead of the curve. (1/10) This is how Mumbai's latest COVID surge is looking so far. *Much* sharper rises in cases and test positivity than last time. Daily cases doubling every 2-2.5 days. The previous peak in daily cases is likely to be passed soon, even though testing is hardly increasing. (2/10)
Oct 17, 2021 13 tweets 4 min read
A recent IIT Kanpur report congratulated the Uttar Pradesh government for its handling of the COVID crisis. The report is deeply flawed but, in particular, it doesn't seem to ask the key question: what was the scale of pandemic mortality in UP? (1/n)
There is some limited civil registration data for UP upto April 2021, obtained via RTI by @OfficialSauravD (data linked below). This monthly data - from Jan '19 to April '21 - has many anomalies. 2019 totals for many districts do not match CRS report data.
github.com/muradbanaji/In…
Oct 6, 2021 9 tweets 3 min read
Thoughts on #COVID19 in Mumbai. In the last month things have been stable:
daily cases: 400-500
official daily deaths: 4-5
R: around 1
test positivity: 1-1.5%
bed occupancy steady at the level of Jan-Feb.

Is this what "endemicity" looks like? (Let's come back to that.) (1/n) ImageImage The great majority of people in the city have been either vaccinated or infected or both. There's a high level of population immunity in the city. More than 85% of both slum and nonslum-dwellers have COVID-19 antibodies. (80% of unvaccinated people.)
indianexpress.com/article/cities…
Oct 2, 2021 5 tweets 3 min read
Preprint with @aashishg_ on India's pandemic excess deaths (April 20-June 21):
central estimate: 3.8M
optimistic estimate: 2.8M
pessimistic estimate: 5.2M
To make these estimates we need to assess levels/ trends in mortality and death registration.
(1/5)
medrxiv.org/content/10.110… The estimates, extrapolated from data from 12 states, put India's pandemic mortality at between 7 and 13 times the official death toll. They align broadly with estimates from several other groups, e.g.:
cgdev.org/publication/th…
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Sep 5, 2021 12 tweets 4 min read
This graph is quite striking. It shows monthly 2020 excess mortality in Mumbai, alongside estimates of daily COVID-19 cases in the slums, based on wardwise data. The two match quite well (up to August). This seems to tell a story about inequality, age, and pandemic deaths. (1/n) By contrast, this picture shows that excess deaths do *not* align well with cases in Mumbai as a whole. But remember: cases in Mumbai are heavily biased towards nonslum areas, where detection of infections was about 8-9 times better. (2/n)
Aug 14, 2021 16 tweets 6 min read
#thread on #COVID19 and excess deaths in India. Here is a plot of estimated excess deaths in India each month, relative to a 2019 baseline. It is based on civil registration data gathered by many amazing journalists. It shows the spread out first wave and huge second wave. (1/n) Image Estimates are extrapolated using data from AP, Bihar, HP, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, MP, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu & West Bengal. These cover around 60% of the country's population. National estimates will change - most likely increase - as more data comes in. Image
Jul 31, 2021 5 tweets 2 min read
4 charts on #COVID19 in Mumbai. Cases, deaths, hospitalisations, test positivity, and case fatality rate are all down. Things are much better. But there are still ~350 cases and ~10 recorded deaths per day, and ventilator bed use is at 30% of peak. The epidemic is not over. (1/5) In the city of about 13M people, there have been:
• many infections (my estimate: more than 10M).
• 5.3M first vaccine doses
• 1.7M second doses

That's lot of immunity - but we shouldn't assume it's enough to prevent new surges. Estimated 'R' is currently around 0.95. (2/5)
Jul 29, 2021 6 tweets 3 min read
A small survey in Bihar found a huge surge in mortality during the second COVID-19 wave.

During April 1 to mid-June, 2021, the death rate in the 503 households surveyed was around four times normal (95% CI: 2.2x to 6.4x normal). (1/n)
osf.io/preprints/soca… The small sample means quite high uncertainty. But the survey suggests Bihar's second wave mortality surge was similar to in badly hit Madhya Pradesh. Registered deaths also spiked, but mortality in this sample was even higher. Why could this be?
ndtv.com/india-news/bih…
Jul 22, 2021 12 tweets 4 min read
My piece on Kerala. Does it really stand out from the crowd when it comes to COVID-19?

Yes, somewhat, but the differences are probably overstated. Let's start by looking at mortality data reported by the Hindu (linked at the end)...
science.thewire.in/health/covid-1… Estimate: by May 2021, Kerala had seen excess mortality of around 35,000 deaths equivalent to 1.0 excess deaths per 1000 population. This compares to around 1.8 per 1000 in Tamil Nadu - so lower in Kerala, but *not dramatically different*. Here are excess and COVID in Kerala.
Jul 11, 2021 12 tweets 3 min read
Is there a BIG story emerging from India's death registration data? Yes. It's incomplete, but so far...

The story is that there is no new story. Let me explain.
(1/n) India has been hit very badly by COVID. High spread has led to millions of deaths (Rukmini estimates 2.5 million - I go a little higher). That wide spread of COVID leads to lots of deaths should have been our "null hypothesis" - our basic assumption.
Jul 11, 2021 4 tweets 2 min read
What does Bihar's death registration data tell us about its first COVID wave? In brief:
1. Bihar's estimated first wave excess mortality was in the range seen in other states; higher than in MP, similar to in Tamil Nadu, lower than in Andhra Pradesh. (1/4)
scroll.in/article/999865… 2. Nothing obviously "exceptional" occurred in Bihar: its first wave excess deaths are roughly as expected from its age structure and international data.
3. If most excess deaths were from COVID, death undercounting was higher than in any other state I've analysed so far. (2/4)
Jul 2, 2021 7 tweets 3 min read
A thread on COVID-19 and mortality in Hyderabad based on data reported in The Hindu. The easy part:
- There has been high excess mortality in the city.
- There has been high undercounting of COVID-19 deaths.
But how high? Can we estimate infection fatality rate (IFR)? (1/7) Here are excess (registered) deaths calculated by four different methods. There were major surges in deaths in June-Aug 2020, and again in April-May 2021 (when the data ends). Different methods give excess mortality during the pandemic so far of ~2 per 1000 to ~3 per 1000. (2/7)
Jun 27, 2021 10 tweets 4 min read
A thread on Mumbai's excess deaths and recorded COVID-19 deaths during 2020.

Upto July 31, recorded C19 deaths (6350) were 42% of excess deaths (~15.2K).
From August 1 to year end, recorded C19 deaths (4766) were 69% of excess deaths (~6.9K).

What does this tell us? (1/n) First: during 2020, overall recorded C19 mortality was ~50% of excess mortality. Assuming no major drop in death registration, Mumbai was recording C19 deaths *much better* than most parts of the country. But things did not start that way.
Jun 20, 2021 12 tweets 5 min read
I've written a lot about Mumbai's COVID-19 epidemic in the last year. Here's a thread of these articles. Together, hopefully, they give a sense of:
- how the epidemic evolved in time
- how data and transparency improved
- how scientific understanding evolved
(1/n) 1. (May 15, 2020) Fatality underreporting? Modelling suggests Mumbai's COVID-19 deaths are fewer than expected from early trends. Could a change in protocols around death recording have led to fatality underreporting? Is disease moving to the slums?
science.thewire.in/health/covid-1…
Jun 12, 2021 6 tweets 3 min read
Mumbai's COVID-19 data is raising some questions. Cases and deaths have continued to fall. So has test positivity which is below 5%. 'R' (based on cases) is at around 0.95. But one worrying trend stands out: what seems like a rising fatality rate... (1/6) We see an increase in case fatality rate at different delays. This comes after falls in April at most delays (a likely vaccination effect). As a wave subsides, test positivity falls and detection improves, we expect CFR to fall. The current pattern is very different.
Jun 10, 2021 10 tweets 3 min read
There have been a large number of reports on rural outbreaks during the latest COVID wave. And many report high death tolls. @aashishg_, Leena Kumarappan and I wrote in @scroll_in about what we learn from these reports... (1/n)
scroll.in/article/997104… Searching Hindi media during the first 3 weeks of May we found reports from 61 villages/panchayats in 6 states - UP (26), Haryana (9), Bihar (8), MP(6) Jharkhand (6) and Rajasthan(6). The reports describe a total of ~1300 suspected COVID deaths amongst ~4.8 lakh residents.
Jun 6, 2021 13 tweets 3 min read
Why did India's first wave wind down? When we see:
a surge
mitigation (e.g. lockdown)
a drop in infections (but not elimination)
mitigation eases up, but...
no immediate resurgence
some people rush to assume herd immunity. But models illustrate this is incorrect. (1/n) In COVID models with network structure, outbreaks can wind down even without mitigation and with the majority still uninfected. The population is still vulnerable to outbreaks, and this is not "herd immunity" in either a mathematical or intuitive sense.
Jun 4, 2021 5 tweets 2 min read
It now appears that delta (B16172) is more likely to cause severe disease than other COVID variants including alpha (B117). High transmissibility & immune escape of delta were no surprise; but more severe disease was (to me) a bit unexpected... (1/5)
This is because I'm heavily influenced by Mumbai's data. And Mumbai has seen fewer fatalities than expected in the second wave. This is likely in part because a significant % of infections were reinfections (+ some, perhaps, after partial vaccination).
maths.mdx.ac.uk/research/model…