#2dayIn1948
Brig Lakhinder Singh, MBE, Commander 'Z' Brigade Group, issued orders for opening up of road Naushera - Seri.
Brig Lakhinder Singh, MBE, Commander 'Z' Brigade Group, issued orders for opening up of road Naushera - Seri.
#2dayIn1948
For this task, 3 (Para) Marhatha Light Infantry, 1/9 Gorkha Rifles, 1 Patiala, 'A' Squadron 7 Light Cavalry, Platoon 1 Mahar MMG (2 sections) & 22 Field Company Royal Indian Engineers plus a detachment ex 14 Field Company were placed under his command.
For this task, 3 (Para) Marhatha Light Infantry, 1/9 Gorkha Rifles, 1 Patiala, 'A' Squadron 7 Light Cavalry, Platoon 1 Mahar MMG (2 sections) & 22 Field Company Royal Indian Engineers plus a detachment ex 14 Field Company were placed under his command.
#2dayIn1948
The road would be opened on 10 Jan 1948.
The road would be opened on 10 Jan 1948.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, the convoluted UNSC roadmap proposed by the British Govt came in for some opposition by their own Chiefs of Staff!
Meanwhile, the convoluted UNSC roadmap proposed by the British Govt came in for some opposition by their own Chiefs of Staff!
#2dayIn1948
They raised practical & legal objections to the proposed military arrangements.
They pointed out that it would take several months to induct a force from a 'neutral' country and that such a force would face serious administrative problems.
They raised practical & legal objections to the proposed military arrangements.
They pointed out that it would take several months to induct a force from a 'neutral' country and that such a force would face serious administrative problems.
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The idea of a 'neutral' force, they felt, was unsound. Likewise, experience had shown that a combined Indian & Pakistani would be unworkable in practice.
The idea of a 'neutral' force, they felt, was unsound. Likewise, experience had shown that a combined Indian & Pakistani would be unworkable in practice.
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The UK Chiefs of Staff concluded that the 'only satisfactory military solution is for India to provide the support to the UN administration in Kashmir. It is constitutionally her responsibility & militarily we consider that any other solution would involve ..
The UK Chiefs of Staff concluded that the 'only satisfactory military solution is for India to provide the support to the UN administration in Kashmir. It is constitutionally her responsibility & militarily we consider that any other solution would involve ..
#2dayIn1948
.. processes too lengthy & too complex to be effective.'
However, the UK Foreign Office rejected the recommendations on the grounds that IT WOULD BE UNACCEPTABLE TO PAKISTAN!
.. processes too lengthy & too complex to be effective.'
However, the UK Foreign Office rejected the recommendations on the grounds that IT WOULD BE UNACCEPTABLE TO PAKISTAN!
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The idea of a 'neutral' force was shelved but the Foreign Office & the Commonwealth Relations Office continued to insist that Pakistani troops should be deployed in Kashmir on an equal footing with Indian Army.
The idea of a 'neutral' force was shelved but the Foreign Office & the Commonwealth Relations Office continued to insist that Pakistani troops should be deployed in Kashmir on an equal footing with Indian Army.
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Ironically, they insisted on giving Pakistan on negotiation table, what they tried to get unsuccessfully on the battlefield - a 'fetish' they hold on to, even this day!
Ironically, they insisted on giving Pakistan on negotiation table, what they tried to get unsuccessfully on the battlefield - a 'fetish' they hold on to, even this day!
#2dayIn1948
The only yardstick used by Bevin & Noel-Baker was 'acceptability to Pakistan', in fond hopes that it would help their case with the Muslim world.
The only yardstick used by Bevin & Noel-Baker was 'acceptability to Pakistan', in fond hopes that it would help their case with the Muslim world.
#2dayIn1948
Indian reactions, not to mention legal or constitutional factors, were hardly taken into account. Had these questions come up in the Cabinet, other ministers with greater experience in subcontinental affairs might have insisted on a more even-handed approach.
Indian reactions, not to mention legal or constitutional factors, were hardly taken into account. Had these questions come up in the Cabinet, other ministers with greater experience in subcontinental affairs might have insisted on a more even-handed approach.
#2dayIn1948
As it eventually happened however, the line to be taken in the UNSC was not considered in the Cabinet before Noel-Baker's departure for New York.
As it eventually happened however, the line to be taken in the UNSC was not considered in the Cabinet before Noel-Baker's departure for New York.
#2dayIn1948
The Bevin - Noel-Baker 'scheme' have the British PM's approval either. However, Attlee himself too was inclined to lean towards Pakistan on account of the Middle East factor but he wasn't prepared to push Indian beyond a certain point.
The Bevin - Noel-Baker 'scheme' have the British PM's approval either. However, Attlee himself too was inclined to lean towards Pakistan on account of the Middle East factor but he wasn't prepared to push Indian beyond a certain point.
#2dayIn1948
His instructions to Noel-Baker were couched in general terms. He pointed out four important considerations which should govern British line at UNSC.
His instructions to Noel-Baker were couched in general terms. He pointed out four important considerations which should govern British line at UNSC.
#2dayIn1948
1. It would be advantageous, through public debate in the UNSC, to bring it home to India ASAP that an Indian attack on Pakistan would shock & alienate world opinion.
1. It would be advantageous, through public debate in the UNSC, to bring it home to India ASAP that an Indian attack on Pakistan would shock & alienate world opinion.
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2. Under the prevailing circumstances, the UNSC should seek to devise a practical solution rather than urging India & Pak to settle the problem by themselves.
2. Under the prevailing circumstances, the UNSC should seek to devise a practical solution rather than urging India & Pak to settle the problem by themselves.
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3. UK must be particularly careful to avoid giving Pakistan the impression that we are siding with India against her
In view of Palestine situation this would carry the risk of ALIGNING THE WHOLE OF ISLAM against us.
3. UK must be particularly careful to avoid giving Pakistan the impression that we are siding with India against her
In view of Palestine situation this would carry the risk of ALIGNING THE WHOLE OF ISLAM against us.
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4. Indians also should be handled with care, since their emotions were running high on the Kashmir issue. 'Possibly however by playing on their respect for legal processes we might get them to accept whatever the UNSC can be brought to recommend!
4. Indians also should be handled with care, since their emotions were running high on the Kashmir issue. 'Possibly however by playing on their respect for legal processes we might get them to accept whatever the UNSC can be brought to recommend!
#2dayIn1948
In other words, Attlee wanted NOT to be seen as an enemy of Muslims, for which he was even banking upon the Indian adherence to laws & conventions of 'civilized' world, partly drafted by UK herself!
In other words, Attlee wanted NOT to be seen as an enemy of Muslims, for which he was even banking upon the Indian adherence to laws & conventions of 'civilized' world, partly drafted by UK herself!
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, the operation planned by 'Z' Brigade for opening up the road Naushera - Beri Pattan succeeded without any opposition!
Meanwhile, the operation planned by 'Z' Brigade for opening up the road Naushera - Beri Pattan succeeded without any opposition!
#2dayIn1948
All bridges were repaired and diversions made at a few places.
Convoys from both sides passed thru uneventfully.
All bridges were repaired and diversions made at a few places.
Convoys from both sides passed thru uneventfully.
#2dayIn1948
Task accomplished, columns returned to the garrison.
The enemy's bid to cut off the line of communication had failed!
Task accomplished, columns returned to the garrison.
The enemy's bid to cut off the line of communication had failed!
#2dayIn1948
Hereafter, enemy would confine his activities to sniping & light patrolling for the next few days, while carrying out the re-organisation of his forces for another showdown with Indian Army.
Hereafter, enemy would confine his activities to sniping & light patrolling for the next few days, while carrying out the re-organisation of his forces for another showdown with Indian Army.
#2dayIn1948
Indian forces too utilized this lull to carry out a much needed re-organisation & confined their activities to light patrolling as a prelude to an attack on the heavily fortified enemy position of Kot.
Indian forces too utilized this lull to carry out a much needed re-organisation & confined their activities to light patrolling as a prelude to an attack on the heavily fortified enemy position of Kot.
#2dayIn1948
But that was still a few weeks away.
But that was still a few weeks away.
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Uri- What mules couldn't negotiate, earned them good rest!
Photo: 'Slender Was the Thread'
Uri- What mules couldn't negotiate, earned them good rest!
Photo: 'Slender Was the Thread'
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However, men had to lug the same loads to their eventual destination!
Photo: 'Slender Was the Thread'
However, men had to lug the same loads to their eventual destination!
Photo: 'Slender Was the Thread'
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Snows had prevented any meaningful engagements with the enemy in Uri & both sides were preparing for the inevitable showdown once weather permitted.
However, a body of hostiles, better organised than the 'raiders', made their appearance in the area.
Snows had prevented any meaningful engagements with the enemy in Uri & both sides were preparing for the inevitable showdown once weather permitted.
However, a body of hostiles, better organised than the 'raiders', made their appearance in the area.
#2dayIn1948
They were reasonable well equipped with arms & wireless communications, wore a similar uniform & employed tactics normally associated with regular armies.
They were reasonable well equipped with arms & wireless communications, wore a similar uniform & employed tactics normally associated with regular armies.
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Fighting patrols & wireless intercepts soon cleared the air. The new arrivals were identified as Azad Kashmir Poonch Battalions, or AKP.
Fighting patrols & wireless intercepts soon cleared the air. The new arrivals were identified as Azad Kashmir Poonch Battalions, or AKP.
#2dayIn1948
These were raised mostly from 'released' Poonchie Mussalmans of Pakistan Army, and defectors from the J&K State Forces who had been grouped together as AKP Brigades, comprising 3 battalions each.
These were raised mostly from 'released' Poonchie Mussalmans of Pakistan Army, and defectors from the J&K State Forces who had been grouped together as AKP Brigades, comprising 3 battalions each.
#2dayIn1948
Officers in the battalions included those on deputation from the Pakistan Army.
Brigade Commanders & their staff officers were regular officers of the Pakistan Army, as were a large percentage of personnel manning the specialist platoons, i.e mortars.
Officers in the battalions included those on deputation from the Pakistan Army.
Brigade Commanders & their staff officers were regular officers of the Pakistan Army, as were a large percentage of personnel manning the specialist platoons, i.e mortars.
#2dayIn1948
However, even after raising these AKP battalions, the 'tribals' of NWFP were not dispensed with. They continued to serve in the area.
In fact, they came under command the AKP formations!
However, even after raising these AKP battalions, the 'tribals' of NWFP were not dispensed with. They continued to serve in the area.
In fact, they came under command the AKP formations!
#2dayIn1948
In fact hereafter, their 'tour of duty' was fixed at 1 month whereafter they would be relieved by fresh batches of similar strength.
The date of relief was between 3rd and 5th of each month and followed a set pattern.
In fact hereafter, their 'tour of duty' was fixed at 1 month whereafter they would be relieved by fresh batches of similar strength.
The date of relief was between 3rd and 5th of each month and followed a set pattern.
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The outgoing tribals were very active during their last week, in which they would poof off all their ammunition.
New arrivals too, would be active initially, before settling down in lethargy.
The outgoing tribals were very active during their last week, in which they would poof off all their ammunition.
New arrivals too, would be active initially, before settling down in lethargy.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in Skardu, Lt Col Thapa's day vision to occupy two outposts halfway between Skardu & Rondhu proved correct when a patrol of the State Forces troops suddenly met an enemy patrol near Tsari.
Meanwhile in Skardu, Lt Col Thapa's day vision to occupy two outposts halfway between Skardu & Rondhu proved correct when a patrol of the State Forces troops suddenly met an enemy patrol near Tsari.
#2dayIn1948
Dawn had not broken then, and both sides, equally surprised by the encounter, fired wildly in the dark & withdrew without any casualties.
Dawn had not broken then, and both sides, equally surprised by the encounter, fired wildly in the dark & withdrew without any casualties.
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After this incident, Lt Col Thapa ensured adequate deployment in the area till he time he was forced back into Skardu.
After this incident, Lt Col Thapa ensured adequate deployment in the area till he time he was forced back into Skardu.
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This day was a game changer in the war - An Indian Officer rose to a crucial post, thereby diminishing British ability to control the course of military operations in J&K.
The officer was General Kodandera "Kipper" Madappa Cariappa, who succeeded Lt Gen Dudley Russell
This day was a game changer in the war - An Indian Officer rose to a crucial post, thereby diminishing British ability to control the course of military operations in J&K.
The officer was General Kodandera "Kipper" Madappa Cariappa, who succeeded Lt Gen Dudley Russell
#2dayIn1948
Though the reason for stepping down by Lt Gen Russell was apparent - his inability to visit the area of ops in J&K due to the 'Stand Down Instructions' promulgated by Britain, Lt Gen SK Sinha & C. Dasgupta word it differently in their respective books.
Though the reason for stepping down by Lt Gen Russell was apparent - his inability to visit the area of ops in J&K due to the 'Stand Down Instructions' promulgated by Britain, Lt Gen SK Sinha & C. Dasgupta word it differently in their respective books.
#2dayIn1948
Lt Gen Sinha says Russell stepped down 'coz he thought he wasn't able to do justice to the orchestration of the war due to his inability to visit the front in the war.
Lt Gen Sinha says Russell stepped down 'coz he thought he wasn't able to do justice to the orchestration of the war due to his inability to visit the front in the war.
#2dayIn1948
Mr C. Dasgupta also says the same, but adds that Mountbatten had taken a serious view of his visit to Kashmir in Nov 1947 for a first hand report of the war.
This professional zest of Russell cost him his job.
Mr C. Dasgupta also says the same, but adds that Mountbatten had taken a serious view of his visit to Kashmir in Nov 1947 for a first hand report of the war.
This professional zest of Russell cost him his job.
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Mountbatten pointed out to Gen Lockhart that this was in contravention to the Stand Down Instructions from London, leading to his eventual resignation in Jan 1948.
Mountbatten pointed out to Gen Lockhart that this was in contravention to the Stand Down Instructions from London, leading to his eventual resignation in Jan 1948.
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Nehru had accepted in good faith to Mountbatten's proposal for an appeal to the UN & he expected the Governor General & his Service Chiefs to likewise implement decisions taken collectively in the Defence Committee.
Nehru had accepted in good faith to Mountbatten's proposal for an appeal to the UN & he expected the Governor General & his Service Chiefs to likewise implement decisions taken collectively in the Defence Committee.
#2dayIn1948
This proved to be a fatal error.
This proved to be a fatal error.
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When the UNSC had met on 15 Jan 1948, Gopalaswami Ayyangar & Zafrulla Khan presented the case for India & Pakistan respectively.
Ayyangar outlined the genesis of the problem & furnished evidence of official Pakistani complicity in the invasion.
When the UNSC had met on 15 Jan 1948, Gopalaswami Ayyangar & Zafrulla Khan presented the case for India & Pakistan respectively.
Ayyangar outlined the genesis of the problem & furnished evidence of official Pakistani complicity in the invasion.
#2dayIn1948
He asked the Security Council to persuade Pakistan to cease participating or assisting in the invasion; to call upon her nationals to desist from fighting in J&K; and to deny the invaders the use of her territory for ops against Kashmir as well as other..
He asked the Security Council to persuade Pakistan to cease participating or assisting in the invasion; to call upon her nationals to desist from fighting in J&K; and to deny the invaders the use of her territory for ops against Kashmir as well as other..
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In a marathon five & a half hour reply, the Zafrulla Khan elaborated upon not only Pakistan's stand on Kashmir, but also on the entire range of Indo-Pak issues, accusing India of attempting to undo the partition; of carrying out genocide against Muslims ..
In a marathon five & a half hour reply, the Zafrulla Khan elaborated upon not only Pakistan's stand on Kashmir, but also on the entire range of Indo-Pak issues, accusing India of attempting to undo the partition; of carrying out genocide against Muslims ..
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.. in East Punjab, Delhi and other areas; of forcibly and unlawfully occupying Junagadh; of obtaining the accession of J&K by 'fraud and violence'; and of threatening Pakistan with direct military attack.
.. in East Punjab, Delhi and other areas; of forcibly and unlawfully occupying Junagadh; of obtaining the accession of J&K by 'fraud and violence'; and of threatening Pakistan with direct military attack.
#2dayIn1948
He concluded demanding that J&K be cleared of both the raiders & the Indians.
The Belgian representative, in his capacity as President of the UNSC, produced a draft resolution providing for the establishment of a 3-member commission invested with ..
He concluded demanding that J&K be cleared of both the raiders & the Indians.
The Belgian representative, in his capacity as President of the UNSC, produced a draft resolution providing for the establishment of a 3-member commission invested with ..
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.. the dual function of investigating the facts & of carrying out directions given to it by the UNSC.
As a compromise between Indian and Pakistani positions, the facts to be investigated related, first, to J&K and second, 'when the Security Council so ..
.. the dual function of investigating the facts & of carrying out directions given to it by the UNSC.
As a compromise between Indian and Pakistani positions, the facts to be investigated related, first, to J&K and second, 'when the Security Council so ..
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.. directs,' to the other issues raised by Pakistan.
So much for 'Impartiality' of the UNSC!
The Belgian draft was, in fact, inspired by the British delegation and was crafted to serve Noel-Baker's intention that the commission should play only a ..
.. directs,' to the other issues raised by Pakistan.
So much for 'Impartiality' of the UNSC!
The Belgian draft was, in fact, inspired by the British delegation and was crafted to serve Noel-Baker's intention that the commission should play only a ..
#2dayIn1948
.. subordinate & symbolic role, while the real work of formulating a 'settlement' should proceed in New York.
Hence, while all parties agreed on urgency of the problem, no move was actually made to constitute the commission & hasten its departure for the subcontinent.
.. subordinate & symbolic role, while the real work of formulating a 'settlement' should proceed in New York.
Hence, while all parties agreed on urgency of the problem, no move was actually made to constitute the commission & hasten its departure for the subcontinent.
#2dayIn1948
It was two days since the 'Z' Bigade less 1/9 GR, 3 (Para) Maratha Light Infantry & 22 Field Company Engineers had moved out of Naushera, as the imminent threat was considered to have been removed.
It was two days since the 'Z' Bigade less 1/9 GR, 3 (Para) Maratha Light Infantry & 22 Field Company Engineers had moved out of Naushera, as the imminent threat was considered to have been removed.
#2dayIn1948
However, on 17 Jan 1948, a patrol to Pathradi met heavy opposition from about 400 enemy. Another patrol to Kaman Gosha Gali too was engaged by about 300 enemy.
However, on 17 Jan 1948, a patrol to Pathradi met heavy opposition from about 400 enemy. Another patrol to Kaman Gosha Gali too was engaged by about 300 enemy.
#2dayIn1948
In the meanwhile in a city far far away, now Noel-Baker turned his efforts to orchestrating moves with his Western allies in order to obtain a resolution setting out conditions for a plebiscite on the lines demanded by Pakistan.
In the meanwhile in a city far far away, now Noel-Baker turned his efforts to orchestrating moves with his Western allies in order to obtain a resolution setting out conditions for a plebiscite on the lines demanded by Pakistan.
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He had previously sought to assure the skeptical Americans that such a plan would be accepted by India. Since this assurance would shortly be put to the test, he now took the line that New Delhi's position had hardened ..
He had previously sought to assure the skeptical Americans that such a plan would be accepted by India. Since this assurance would shortly be put to the test, he now took the line that New Delhi's position had hardened ..
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.. considerably 'perhaps as a bargaining device,' and that more pressure was required to 'soften up' the Indians. Austin weakly questioned the desirability of introducing a substantive resolution at this stage but he soon gave in to the British minister.
.. considerably 'perhaps as a bargaining device,' and that more pressure was required to 'soften up' the Indians. Austin weakly questioned the desirability of introducing a substantive resolution at this stage but he soon gave in to the British minister.
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Indeed, in his efforts to oblige Noel-Baker, he even THREATENED Ayyangar that, in the absence of a settlement between India & Pak, conditions would not be sufficiently stable to permit establishment of Indo-US political and economic relations of a permanent character.
Indeed, in his efforts to oblige Noel-Baker, he even THREATENED Ayyangar that, in the absence of a settlement between India & Pak, conditions would not be sufficiently stable to permit establishment of Indo-US political and economic relations of a permanent character.
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Unsurprisingly, this move proved counter-productive.
Nehru instructed Ayyangar to inform Austin that India sought no favour from any country in bilateral relations & that conditions in India were quite stable.
Unsurprisingly, this move proved counter-productive.
Nehru instructed Ayyangar to inform Austin that India sought no favour from any country in bilateral relations & that conditions in India were quite stable.
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Indian picquets in & around Naushera were subject to heavy shelling by the enemy.
Little did own folks knew that the epic battle for Naushera was just round the corner and enemy's back in that area would be broken for good, ending ultimately with the relief of Poonch.
Indian picquets in & around Naushera were subject to heavy shelling by the enemy.
Little did own folks knew that the epic battle for Naushera was just round the corner and enemy's back in that area would be broken for good, ending ultimately with the relief of Poonch.
#2dayIn1948
Things were heating up & a showdown appeared imminent.
A patrol, supported by armoured cars, on road Naushera-Chingas, was heavily mortared and sniped at by hostiles from area west of Pathradi.
Things were heating up & a showdown appeared imminent.
A patrol, supported by armoured cars, on road Naushera-Chingas, was heavily mortared and sniped at by hostiles from area west of Pathradi.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, the first reinforcement to Skardu from Srinagar was into its 4th day of journey. It comprised two companies of State Forces troops.
Meanwhile, the first reinforcement to Skardu from Srinagar was into its 4th day of journey. It comprised two companies of State Forces troops.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in Srinagar, 1 Sikh was recuperating from the debacle at Bhatgiran & slowly re-emerging as the fine fighting outfit that it was, under the command of Col Harbaksh Singh.
Meanwhile in Srinagar, 1 Sikh was recuperating from the debacle at Bhatgiran & slowly re-emerging as the fine fighting outfit that it was, under the command of Col Harbaksh Singh.
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The Subedar Major of the battalion, who had been visiting a local Gurudwara came over to the CO and told him that he had seen some orphan Sikh boys there, uncared for.
The Subedar Major of the battalion, who had been visiting a local Gurudwara came over to the CO and told him that he had seen some orphan Sikh boys there, uncared for.
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The battalion decided to adopt the kids & accommodate in a separate barrack in Badami Bagh, providing them with food, clothing & bedding from unit resources.
Eventually, the battalion would start a school for them & even invited Sheikh Abdullah to visit it.
The battalion decided to adopt the kids & accommodate in a separate barrack in Badami Bagh, providing them with food, clothing & bedding from unit resources.
Eventually, the battalion would start a school for them & even invited Sheikh Abdullah to visit it.
#2dayIn1948
Eventually, the boys were shifted to the Sikh Regimental Centre where they would be known as 'Kashmir Boys', some even managing to reach the National Defence Academy & becoming commissioned officers in the army!
Eventually, the boys were shifted to the Sikh Regimental Centre where they would be known as 'Kashmir Boys', some even managing to reach the National Defence Academy & becoming commissioned officers in the army!
#2dayIn1948
The relief column enroute from Srinagar to Skardu reached Sonamarg. Ahead of it loomed the ZojiLa Pass, crossing which in the peak of winters was a daunting undertaking.
The column would slog for 10 days before getting over it to the other side.
The relief column enroute from Srinagar to Skardu reached Sonamarg. Ahead of it loomed the ZojiLa Pass, crossing which in the peak of winters was a daunting undertaking.
The column would slog for 10 days before getting over it to the other side.
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Gen Cariappa had taken over as the Commander Delhi & East Punjab Area. One of his first 'interactions' with the enemy was in the form of a letter which he wrote to be dropped over the enemy positions.
Gen Cariappa had taken over as the Commander Delhi & East Punjab Area. One of his first 'interactions' with the enemy was in the form of a letter which he wrote to be dropped over the enemy positions.
#2dayIn1948
The message read as follows:
"I have just taken over command of the Delhi and East Punjab Command. As Army Commander, conduct of ops in Kashmir is my responsibility. I have seen the estimate of casualties inflicted on you by our troops and I see 2500 are estimated ..
The message read as follows:
"I have just taken over command of the Delhi and East Punjab Command. As Army Commander, conduct of ops in Kashmir is my responsibility. I have seen the estimate of casualties inflicted on you by our troops and I see 2500 are estimated ..
#2dayIn1948
.. to have been killed. What a waste of your splendid people. I have served in Waziristan and in other parts of the Frontier for many years and I have met very large numbers of your kith and kin at various places.
.. to have been killed. What a waste of your splendid people. I have served in Waziristan and in other parts of the Frontier for many years and I have met very large numbers of your kith and kin at various places.
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I have pleasant memories of friendly talks with them on roads, in your villages and at sports meets at our military camps. My very recent memories are of my command in Bannu in 1946 - where I met literally hundreds of your splendid chaps.
I have pleasant memories of friendly talks with them on roads, in your villages and at sports meets at our military camps. My very recent memories are of my command in Bannu in 1946 - where I met literally hundreds of your splendid chaps.
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Why should you now be sacrificing your lives in Kashmir, when you all should be engaged in enjoying in your homes, the freedom we all have got since 15th August 1947.
Why should you now be sacrificing your lives in Kashmir, when you all should be engaged in enjoying in your homes, the freedom we all have got since 15th August 1947.
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You have many and varied things to do in Waziristan and the Frontier to make that most fascinating part of the world prosperous. Under the present changed political conditions you have many opportunities to make that country of yours rich in many ways.
You have many and varied things to do in Waziristan and the Frontier to make that most fascinating part of the world prosperous. Under the present changed political conditions you have many opportunities to make that country of yours rich in many ways.
#2dayIn1948
I hate killing my fellow human beings, no matter what class, creed or religion they belong to. All classes are the same to me. I have said this on many an occasion in Waziristan, and there may be some amongst you here who may have heard it.
I hate killing my fellow human beings, no matter what class, creed or religion they belong to. All classes are the same to me. I have said this on many an occasion in Waziristan, and there may be some amongst you here who may have heard it.
#2dayIn1948
We are children of the same God - Muslims, and non Muslims. I feel very sad to hear that 2500 of you have been killed in Kashmir and I do not know how many of you have been wounded and maimed for life.
We are children of the same God - Muslims, and non Muslims. I feel very sad to hear that 2500 of you have been killed in Kashmir and I do not know how many of you have been wounded and maimed for life.
#2dayIn1948
The help asked from India by Jammu & Kashmir State which acceded to India MUST BE and WILL BE given, and that is why we are here.
The help asked from India by Jammu & Kashmir State which acceded to India MUST BE and WILL BE given, and that is why we are here.
#2dayIn1948
You know that this matter has been referred to the biggest 'Law Court' in the world - The UNO in America. While that court deals with this case, it seems a tragedy that you are continuing to be engaged in active hostile operations here.
You know that this matter has been referred to the biggest 'Law Court' in the world - The UNO in America. While that court deals with this case, it seems a tragedy that you are continuing to be engaged in active hostile operations here.
#2dayIn1948
By remaining here, sacrificing your valuable lives and taking the lives of others, for a cause which is NOT of your direct or even indirect concern, are you not incriminating yourselves in eyes of your God?
By remaining here, sacrificing your valuable lives and taking the lives of others, for a cause which is NOT of your direct or even indirect concern, are you not incriminating yourselves in eyes of your God?
#2dayIn1948
During your absence from your beloved homes on this fruitless expedition, others left there are enjoying of freedom we all have won.
During your absence from your beloved homes on this fruitless expedition, others left there are enjoying of freedom we all have won.
#2dayIn1948
You gallant men of Waziristan and the Frontier, I advise you to stop this fighting and let us not kill each other. Men and material being used in these ops by all concerned are, as you MUST know, urgently needed for economic development in our respective countries.
You gallant men of Waziristan and the Frontier, I advise you to stop this fighting and let us not kill each other. Men and material being used in these ops by all concerned are, as you MUST know, urgently needed for economic development in our respective countries.
#2dayIn1948
Please go back to your homes. I hope some day my friends in Pakistan will invite me to visit your hometowns and meet you all as friends. I look forward to that day.
Please go back to your homes. I hope some day my friends in Pakistan will invite me to visit your hometowns and meet you all as friends. I look forward to that day.
#2dayIn1948
I am perfectly willing to meet your spokesmen to arrange for hostilities to cease. If you agree to do this, please send a party of NOT more than six unarmed representatives carrying two large white flags. I shall meet them.
I am perfectly willing to meet your spokesmen to arrange for hostilities to cease. If you agree to do this, please send a party of NOT more than six unarmed representatives carrying two large white flags. I shall meet them.
#2dayIn1948
Should you however decide to continue fighting here, I regret I shall be compelled to conduct ops with greater intensity, using more destructive weapons in order to restore law and order soon so that we can all live in peace.
Should you however decide to continue fighting here, I regret I shall be compelled to conduct ops with greater intensity, using more destructive weapons in order to restore law and order soon so that we can all live in peace.
#2dayIn1948
In the eyes of God, I shall not, in the circumstances, be doing a wrong thing in intensifying our ops.
In the eyes of God, I shall not, in the circumstances, be doing a wrong thing in intensifying our ops.
#2dayIn1948
May God Almighty give you the wisdom and judgement to return to your homes at once.
God bless you all."
Signed, KM Cariappa, 20 Jan 1948
May God Almighty give you the wisdom and judgement to return to your homes at once.
God bless you all."
Signed, KM Cariappa, 20 Jan 1948
#2dayIn1948
These were words that came straight from the heart of a true gentleman genuinely reaching out to folks he had been with before.
Of course, this wouldn't have much effect since the 'raid' was being orchestrated by the State of Pakistan since beginning.
These were words that came straight from the heart of a true gentleman genuinely reaching out to folks he had been with before.
Of course, this wouldn't have much effect since the 'raid' was being orchestrated by the State of Pakistan since beginning.
#2dayIn1948
True to his word, under Cariappa's leadership, the Indian army's ops in the theatre would soon shift gears.
True to his word, under Cariappa's leadership, the Indian army's ops in the theatre would soon shift gears.
#2dayIn1948
The total estimated strength of enemy was about 30,000 fighting men, consisting of 5000 'deserters' from Pak Army, 10,000 tribals & some 15,000 ex-servicemen from Bagh-Poonch-Mirpur areas.
The total estimated strength of enemy was about 30,000 fighting men, consisting of 5000 'deserters' from Pak Army, 10,000 tribals & some 15,000 ex-servicemen from Bagh-Poonch-Mirpur areas.
#2dayIn1948
India had concentrated against them 15 Infantry battalions, one light armoured regiment, one field & one mountain artillery regiment.
Within a week of taking over, Cariappa was visiting the troops in forward areas,something which his predecessor was barred from doing.
India had concentrated against them 15 Infantry battalions, one light armoured regiment, one field & one mountain artillery regiment.
Within a week of taking over, Cariappa was visiting the troops in forward areas,something which his predecessor was barred from doing.
#2dayIn1948
One of the first formations he visited was 50 Para Brigade under Brig Usman. This Brigade had suffered the loss of Jhangar in December.
One of the first formations he visited was 50 Para Brigade under Brig Usman. This Brigade had suffered the loss of Jhangar in December.
#2dayIn1948
Both its commander & men under him were anxious to avenge that defeat. Cariappa went round the defences of Naushera with Usman.
With a keen eye for mountain warfare, Cariappa realised the importance of a feature called Kot approx 5 miles North-East of Naushera.
Both its commander & men under him were anxious to avenge that defeat. Cariappa went round the defences of Naushera with Usman.
With a keen eye for mountain warfare, Cariappa realised the importance of a feature called Kot approx 5 miles North-East of Naushera.
#2dayIn1948
It is the highest feature on a range of hills overlooking the Naushera-Tawi Valley. It was held by an enemy battalion supported by medium machine guns & 3-inch mortars. To make defences of Naushera secure, Cariappa ordered Kot captured.
It is the highest feature on a range of hills overlooking the Naushera-Tawi Valley. It was held by an enemy battalion supported by medium machine guns & 3-inch mortars. To make defences of Naushera secure, Cariappa ordered Kot captured.
#2dayIn1948
This would be the opening salvo of the epic Battle of Naushera that was about to be fought a few weeks later.
The importance of having Kot in own hands would be amply demonstrated in the battle.
This would be the opening salvo of the epic Battle of Naushera that was about to be fought a few weeks later.
The importance of having Kot in own hands would be amply demonstrated in the battle.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in UN, Western powers - UK, US, Canada & France - supported the Pakistani stand that the raiders could not be induced to withdraw without a change of govt in J&K. The question raised by India, namely, Pakistan's involvement in the invasion, was pushed aside.
Meanwhile in UN, Western powers - UK, US, Canada & France - supported the Pakistani stand that the raiders could not be induced to withdraw without a change of govt in J&K. The question raised by India, namely, Pakistan's involvement in the invasion, was pushed aside.
#2dayIn1948
The Security Council, said the British delegate, was 'confronted with the question of how to stop the fighting. What will stop it & in what way should it be stopped.'
The Security Council, said the British delegate, was 'confronted with the question of how to stop the fighting. What will stop it & in what way should it be stopped.'
#2dayIn1948
The American delegate provided an answer - 'One cannot have cessation of hostilities and violence unless one also has an understanding.'
A few days later, he would elaborate the implications.
The American delegate provided an answer - 'One cannot have cessation of hostilities and violence unless one also has an understanding.'
A few days later, he would elaborate the implications.
#2dayIn1948
The Council, he declared,
'must consider it [the Kashmir problem] as a whole, because unless it does, there cannot be a cessation of hostilities. How is it possible to induce the tribesmen to retire from J&K without warfare & without driving them out?
The Council, he declared,
'must consider it [the Kashmir problem] as a whole, because unless it does, there cannot be a cessation of hostilities. How is it possible to induce the tribesmen to retire from J&K without warfare & without driving them out?
#2dayIn1948
That is the only way it can be done, unless the tribesmen are satisfied there is to be a fair plebiscite assured through an interim govt that is in fact, and that has the appearance of being, non-partisan.'
That is the only way it can be done, unless the tribesmen are satisfied there is to be a fair plebiscite assured through an interim govt that is in fact, and that has the appearance of being, non-partisan.'
#2dayIn1948
Noel-Baker would now emerge from behind the scenes with eloquent support for this argument. The American delegation had lost sight of Secretary of State Marshall's caution that it should not overtly take the lead in this matter.
Noel-Baker would now emerge from behind the scenes with eloquent support for this argument. The American delegation had lost sight of Secretary of State Marshall's caution that it should not overtly take the lead in this matter.
#2dayIn1948
Brig Usman was a man in a hurry. He knew that with the numbers of enemy in front of him and their abundantly clear intention to capture Naushera, merely sitting in his defences and waiting for the enemy to make the first move was suicidal.
Brig Usman was a man in a hurry. He knew that with the numbers of enemy in front of him and their abundantly clear intention to capture Naushera, merely sitting in his defences and waiting for the enemy to make the first move was suicidal.
#2dayIn1948
This, coupled with the positive reinforcement by Gen Cariappa during his visit to Naushera a few days ago, played a major role in his decision to go ahead and seek out the enemy.
This, coupled with the positive reinforcement by Gen Cariappa during his visit to Naushera a few days ago, played a major role in his decision to go ahead and seek out the enemy.
#2dayIn1948
He ordered Lt Col RG Naidu, CO 2 Jat, to carry out an operation to clear enemy from area around Beri Pattan.
This operation was named 'Op Satyanas', which was exactly the fate that befell the enemy!
(Who says there was no place for dark humour even in midst of war!)
He ordered Lt Col RG Naidu, CO 2 Jat, to carry out an operation to clear enemy from area around Beri Pattan.
This operation was named 'Op Satyanas', which was exactly the fate that befell the enemy!
(Who says there was no place for dark humour even in midst of war!)
#2dayIn1948
'B' Company, 2 Jat supported by a detachment of 3-inch mortars patrolled towards Siot, encountering strong enemy opposition from Chakli and Takis features. The enemy, estimated to be 300 strong, was well dug in and armed with medium & light machine guns.
'B' Company, 2 Jat supported by a detachment of 3-inch mortars patrolled towards Siot, encountering strong enemy opposition from Chakli and Takis features. The enemy, estimated to be 300 strong, was well dug in and armed with medium & light machine guns.
#2dayIn1948
There was also a strong enemy defensive position at Dharamsal.
Owing to the difficult nature of the country ahead, Lt Col Naidu decided on a 48 hour operation.
There was also a strong enemy defensive position at Dharamsal.
Owing to the difficult nature of the country ahead, Lt Col Naidu decided on a 48 hour operation.
#2dayIn1948
His plan was to march out of the camp into the hills up North and lie in ambush for the night, then cross Thandapaniwali Tawi & attack at enemy position at Siot at dawn.
Accordingly, the Jats marched out.
His plan was to march out of the camp into the hills up North and lie in ambush for the night, then cross Thandapaniwali Tawi & attack at enemy position at Siot at dawn.
Accordingly, the Jats marched out.
#2dayIn1948
The opening salvo in the Battle of Naushera had been fired not by the numerically superior enemy, but by the audacious 50 Para Brigade, led by Brigadier Mohammad Usman.
Recapture of Jhangar & relief of Poonch was now just a matter of time.
The opening salvo in the Battle of Naushera had been fired not by the numerically superior enemy, but by the audacious 50 Para Brigade, led by Brigadier Mohammad Usman.
Recapture of Jhangar & relief of Poonch was now just a matter of time.
#2dayIn1948
The Jats of 2nd Battalion The Jat Regiment occupied Tung feature, unseen by enemy & lay in ambush hoping to get some prisoners.
The Jats of 2nd Battalion The Jat Regiment occupied Tung feature, unseen by enemy & lay in ambush hoping to get some prisoners.
#2dayIn1948
In the early hours, 'C' Company, 2 Jat advanced to attack Siot & Pt 2502. Upon seeing this, the enemy at Chiral opened fire.
In the early hours, 'C' Company, 2 Jat advanced to attack Siot & Pt 2502. Upon seeing this, the enemy at Chiral opened fire.
#2dayIn1948
The fire was heavy, gaining in intensity by the minute.
While 'C' Company was pinned down, enemy on the ridge came down the nala & started firing at the Battalion HQ at Takia from about 350m away.
The fire was heavy, gaining in intensity by the minute.
While 'C' Company was pinned down, enemy on the ridge came down the nala & started firing at the Battalion HQ at Takia from about 350m away.
#2dayIn1948
At the same time, enemy at the West also engaged the Battalion HQ from the ridge they were occupying.
Col Naidu, therefore, ordered the Battalion HQ & gunner observation post to fall back about 270m to a rear position.
At the same time, enemy at the West also engaged the Battalion HQ from the ridge they were occupying.
Col Naidu, therefore, ordered the Battalion HQ & gunner observation post to fall back about 270m to a rear position.
#2dayIn1948
He further ordered 'D' Company, who had put an effective smoke screen on to the West of Takia by burning the houses there, to fall back on Takia line & cover withdrawal of 'C' Company.
He further ordered 'D' Company, who had put an effective smoke screen on to the West of Takia by burning the houses there, to fall back on Takia line & cover withdrawal of 'C' Company.
#2dayIn1948
These orders were executed; enemy engaged with shell fire, & 'C' Company safely extricated.
Before withdrawing, 'C' Company had inflicted heavy casualties on the raiders in Siot. The raiders were actually caught sleeping when the Jats attacked.
These orders were executed; enemy engaged with shell fire, & 'C' Company safely extricated.
Before withdrawing, 'C' Company had inflicted heavy casualties on the raiders in Siot. The raiders were actually caught sleeping when the Jats attacked.
#2dayIn1948
They had in fact, come out only after hearing the opening shots. The total enemy killed / wounded in that engagement was approx 100.
They had in fact, come out only after hearing the opening shots. The total enemy killed / wounded in that engagement was approx 100.
#2dayIn1948
The Jats had shown them no mercy, having been out for two nights, sleeping in open in freezing conditions and were spoiling for a fight.
Too bad for the enemy, I'd say!
The Jats had shown them no mercy, having been out for two nights, sleeping in open in freezing conditions and were spoiling for a fight.
Too bad for the enemy, I'd say!
#2dayIn1948
The enemy had taken a hard knock indeed. And this would become even more apparent in the coming days.
However, another factor that added to this was 'Operation Cheeta', mounted by Commander JAK Force, Maj Gen Kalwant Singh in order to disrupt the ..
The enemy had taken a hard knock indeed. And this would become even more apparent in the coming days.
However, another factor that added to this was 'Operation Cheeta', mounted by Commander JAK Force, Maj Gen Kalwant Singh in order to disrupt the ..
"#2dayIn1948
.. Old Mughal Road being used by enemy for reinforcements / supplies from their main base at Assar / Kadala about 8 km from Bhimber.
The route was Bhimber - Assar - Kadala - Sadabad - Naushera.
.. Old Mughal Road being used by enemy for reinforcements / supplies from their main base at Assar / Kadala about 8 km from Bhimber.
The route was Bhimber - Assar - Kadala - Sadabad - Naushera.
#2dayIn1948
Maj Gen Kalwant Singh ordered Commanding Officer 7 Light Cavalry, Lt Col Rajindar Singh to mount a mobile operation to engage the enemy from rear & destroy his main base at Assar / Kadala.
Maj Gen Kalwant Singh ordered Commanding Officer 7 Light Cavalry, Lt Col Rajindar Singh to mount a mobile operation to engage the enemy from rear & destroy his main base at Assar / Kadala.
#2dayIn1948
To this effect, a mobile force called 'Cheeta Force' was put together, comprising a sqn of 7 Cav, two troops Central India Horse & 1/7 Rajput, commanded by Lt Col Girdhari Singh, MC(This battalion had been made fully mobile with Dodges 4x4) + other minor detachments.
To this effect, a mobile force called 'Cheeta Force' was put together, comprising a sqn of 7 Cav, two troops Central India Horse & 1/7 Rajput, commanded by Lt Col Girdhari Singh, MC(This battalion had been made fully mobile with Dodges 4x4) + other minor detachments.
#2dayIn1948
For security reasons, all unit commanders of Cheeta Force were verbally ordered to concentrate at Chhamb by 24 Jan; all moves to concentration area were carried out during darkness.
For security reasons, all unit commanders of Cheeta Force were verbally ordered to concentrate at Chhamb by 24 Jan; all moves to concentration area were carried out during darkness.
#2dayIn1948
Verbal orders for the operation were given out on the spot by the Cheeta Force Commander, Lt Col Rajindar Singh, on the evening of 24 Jan 1948.
The plan was brilliantly simple indeed.
Verbal orders for the operation were given out on the spot by the Cheeta Force Commander, Lt Col Rajindar Singh, on the evening of 24 Jan 1948.
The plan was brilliantly simple indeed.
#2dayIn1948
Two detachments of mixed armour and infantry were established at area Amberala and Chordhaki to guard the rear; rest of the mobile column was speedily pushed up to area Assar - Kadala - Bhimber to destroy the enemy base as also to inflict maximum casualties on him.
Two detachments of mixed armour and infantry were established at area Amberala and Chordhaki to guard the rear; rest of the mobile column was speedily pushed up to area Assar - Kadala - Bhimber to destroy the enemy base as also to inflict maximum casualties on him.
#2dayIn1948
The column commenced ops at 0530Hr on 25 Jan. One armoured car & a jeep were blown up as a result of enemy minefields within the first half hour of the move. But armour / infantry stops were put up speedily as planned, to engage small enemy pockets at ..
The column commenced ops at 0530Hr on 25 Jan. One armoured car & a jeep were blown up as a result of enemy minefields within the first half hour of the move. But armour / infantry stops were put up speedily as planned, to engage small enemy pockets at ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Amberala and Chordhaki; the remainder of the column commanded by Lt Col Rajindar Singh pushed deep into enemy occupied territory and struck at their base at Assar / Kadala.
The enemy, having also been cut off from Bhimber, was completely surprised and routed.
.. Amberala and Chordhaki; the remainder of the column commanded by Lt Col Rajindar Singh pushed deep into enemy occupied territory and struck at their base at Assar / Kadala.
The enemy, having also been cut off from Bhimber, was completely surprised and routed.
#2dayIn1948
A large amount of stores & equipment at the base were destroyed. Enemy losses were estimated at about 300 killed / wounded, as confirmed by wireless intercepts subsequently.
A large amount of stores & equipment at the base were destroyed. Enemy losses were estimated at about 300 killed / wounded, as confirmed by wireless intercepts subsequently.
#2dayIn1948
It was still two yrs for India to become a Republic & reward gallant men.
These men had already earned their Maha Vir Chakras, though, alongwith.
(Photos from Official History of the 1947-48 war published by MoD, Govt of India)
It was still two yrs for India to become a Republic & reward gallant men.
These men had already earned their Maha Vir Chakras, though, alongwith.
(Photos from Official History of the 1947-48 war published by MoD, Govt of India)
#2dayIn1948
With life in Sri Garrison pretty dull on account of winter season, Col Harbaksh Singh decided to enliven it a bit & wrote a poem for his erstwhile boss, Commander 161 Infantry Brigade at Uri, Brig LP Sen. It went as under:-
With life in Sri Garrison pretty dull on account of winter season, Col Harbaksh Singh decided to enliven it a bit & wrote a poem for his erstwhile boss, Commander 161 Infantry Brigade at Uri, Brig LP Sen. It went as under:-
#2dayIn1948
OC One Six One, what Son of a Gun!
Nineteen forty seven, on November one,
While basking in the sun, he was called to the gun.
OC One Six One, what Son of a Gun!
OC One Six One, what Son of a Gun!
Nineteen forty seven, on November one,
While basking in the sun, he was called to the gun.
OC One Six One, what Son of a Gun!
#2dayIn1948
There was a job to be done,Kashmir to be won;
Without a lorry or a gun,he was up for fun.
OC One Six One, what a Son of a Gun!
Fortune played him a pun,Badgaon hardly was fun;
Further hopes there were none,he thought all was done.
OC One Six One, what a Son of a Gun!
There was a job to be done,Kashmir to be won;
Without a lorry or a gun,he was up for fun.
OC One Six One, what a Son of a Gun!
Fortune played him a pun,Badgaon hardly was fun;
Further hopes there were none,he thought all was done.
OC One Six One, what a Son of a Gun!
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