Agnes Callamard Profile picture
Sep 17, 2020 10 tweets 2 min read Read on X
چرا بسیاری از اعدام‌ها و احتمالاً اکثر آنها، به اعدام‌های خودسرانه تبدیل می‌شود؟
حقوق بین الملل محدودیت‌های بسیار جدی‌ای بر مجازات اعدام اعمال می‌کند و تضمین‌های قانونی اکید و بی چون وچرایی نیز در مراحل مختلف دادرسی و صدور حکم، الزام می‌دارد./1
عدم رعایت این محدودیت‌ها و تضمین‌ها به سلب خودسرانه و در نتیجه غیرقانونیِ حیات از فرد منتج می‌گرد.
اعمال مجازات اعدام به گونه‌ای که مفاد دیگری از میثاق بین المللی حقوق مدنی و سیاسی را نقض کند (حق بر دادرسی عادلانه، ممنوعیت شکنجه، ممنوعیت اعمال تبعیض و غیره)،/2
به خودی خود، موجب می‌شود اعدام مورد نظر خودسرانه تلقی گردد.
به موجب حقوق بین الملل، مجازات اعدام به صِرف این که پس از طی مراحل قانونی اعمال می‌شود، قانونی نیست.
تنها رعایِت تضمین‌های دقیق، سختگیرانه و انعطاف ناپذیرِ تشریفات قانونی است که/3
شاید بتواند اِعمال مجازات اعدام را تحت الزامات حقوق بین الملل مجاز داشته و بین این نوع اعدام و اعدام خودسرانه، تمایز قائل شود.
به خصوص:
1.مجازات اعدام تنها زمانی می‌تواند اِعمال شود که گناهکار بودن متهم با اتکا به ادله روشن، متقن و متقاعدکننده اثبات شده باشد،/4
به گونه‌ای که جای هیچ گونه شک وشبهه و یا توجیه و تفسیر دیگری از واقعیات پرونده مورد نظر باقی نگذارد. اجرای مجازات اعدام در شرایطی که تردید و شبهه‌ای هرچند هم اندک، در خصوص ادله ارائه شده وجود دشته باشد، اعدامی خودسرانه تلقی می شود./5
2.اعمال مجازات اعدام برمبنای اعترافات اخذ شده تحت شکنجه یا اذیت و آزار و بدرفتاری، به ناچار اعدام رابه اعدام خودسرانه تبدیل می‌کند.

3.مجازات اعدام را تنها می‌توان درمورد "جدی ترین جرائم" اِعمال نمود، که بنا به تفاسیر به عمل آمده از این مفهوم، تنها قتل عمد را دربر می گیرد./6
4.در صورتی که مجازات اعدام در مورد هر جرم دیگری به جز قتل عمد اِعمال شود، آن اعدام، ماهیتاً خودسرانه است.
5.هر محکوم به اعدامی حق خواهد داشت که درخواست عفو یا تخفیف مجازات بنماید. عفو یا تخفیف مجازات می‌تواند در تمامی موارد اعطا شود./7
هر اعدامی که قبل از اِعمال کامل این حقوق صورت گیرد، اعدامی خودسرانه محسوب می‌شود.

6.مادامی که مرحله تجدید نظر و یا هر شکل دیگری از فرجام خواهی به پایان نرسیده، نمی‌توان فرد را اعدام نمود. اگر مجازات اعدام به هر حال اعمال شود، آن اعدام خودسرانه محسوب می‌شود./ 8
7.در صورتی که مجازات اعدام به گونه‌ای به اجرا درآید که شکنجه یا بدرفتاری محسوب شود، آن اعدام، الزاماً خودسرانه خواهد بود.
8.اعدام افرادی که درزمان ارتکاب جرم کودک بوده‌اند(زیر ۱۸سال سن داشته‌اند)یا افراد دارای معلولیت ذهنی، ممنوع است. اعدام این افراد،اعدام خودسرانه است./ 9
در سال ۲۰۱۸، کمیته حقوق بشر به شکلی روشن و شفاف اعلام داشت که "مجازات اعدام از یک سو، و رعایت کامل حق حیات از سوی دیگر،دو امر متضاد و آشتی ناپذیرند و الغای مجازات اعدام،هم برای ارتقای کرامت و حیثیت انسانی و هم برای پیشرفت و تحول مترقیانه حقوق بشر،امری مطلوب و ضروری است."/10

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