How is diuretic efficiency changing with severity of #CKD? What is its prognostic relevance?
Read our new paper in CardioRenal Medicine!
@WilsonTangMD@BammensBert
Also thanks to Jeff Testani, Pieter Martens & Dirk Kuypers for their help with the paper...
We used 3 metrics of diuretic efficiency, based on urine output, natriuresis & chloruresis.
Irrespectively of metric, loop diuretic efficiency decreased significantly from KDIGO class IV, while remaining relatively preserved in less advanced CKD.
Patterns were similar for furosemide versus bumetanide (very little patients were on torsemide, which is hardly used in Belgium). Yet, baseline characteristics were strikingly different with bumetanide users older with higher cardiovascular risk.
The correlation between diuretic efficiency and GFR was moderate at best, indicating there is substantial extra information captured by these metrics!
Low versus high loop diuretic efficiency, defined as a urine output ≤1000 mL versus >1000 mL per 40 mg furosemide or 1 mg bumetanide, respectively, shortened time to onset of dialysis and time to all-cause mortality both with approximately 2 years.
Key points: 1. Spironolactone = most cost-effective drug in #HFrEF 2. Considering modest diuretic effects with 25-50mg, likely due to pleiotropic effects (Figure) 3. Natriuretic effects increase with dosing up to 600 mg (cirrhosis) 4. Average TOPCAT ~ RALES dose
5. Current study shows marginal (<1%) & short-term (first 8 months) effect on weight loss in TOPCAT Americas.
Spiro patients gradually had lower diuretic need and RAS blockers more frequently withdrawn. 6. Beneficial effects of spironolactone independent of these trends
Why #kidney function does not equal #GFR (and certainly not Cr), making it an elusive target in clinical practice & the latter a poor surrogate outcome, despite its robust correlation with prognosis. Caring for kidneys versus improving Cr/GFR. A thread below:
The kidneys in essence have 3 functions: 1. Glomerular function = Clearance 2. Tubular function = Homeostasis 3. Neurohumoral function
GFR mainly reflects 1. So why do we take GFR (or its estimate Cr) as a surrogate for renal function?
Look at GFR determinants (=N x snGFR).
In stable circumstances, GFR mainly reflects the number of functional nephrons.
Starting from 1 million per kidney at birth, one loses 5,000-10,000 per year with aging: age-related GFR decline <1 mL/min/1.73m²/y