A historical fallacy I sometimes see people falling into is the assumption that medieval and early modern people who died for expressing heterodox beliefs died for the *right* to express heterodox beliefs (thread)
In a handful of cases, people who were put to death for heterodoxy did indeed believe in freedom of expression. However, in most cases they simply believed they were right and their persecutors were wrong
Most English Lollards, for example, thought everyone should be a Lollard. Most evangelicals put to death in Mary I's reign thought everyone should be an evangelical. They died for their absolute belief, not for an abstract belief in toleration
It's a hard pill for many to swallow today that most medieval and early modern people - whatever their beliefs - thought those who disagreed with them were deserving of death. This wasn't really controversial for most of the period
So it may well be admirable that someone died for expressing a dissenting religious opinion (that was a pretty brave thing to do in such a society). But it doesn't follow that because they died for dissenting, they died for the *right* to dissent
Unless there is evidence that someone believed in the general right to freedom of expression, the uncomfortable truth is that most who were killed for dissenting would have been happy for their persecutors to be killed for their beliefs, too
This is a good example of how it is very difficult for us to take off the goggles of 'the Enlightenment' (whatever that was) when viewing the early modern era...
Having said all that, there *were* people who genuinely believed people who disagreed with them shouldn't be killed - such as John Foxe - and people who genuinely defended freedom of expression, such as John Milton

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More from @DrFrancisYoung

16 Nov
It's the most wonderful time of the year! As we enter the week of St Edmund's Day (Friday 20 November), I'll be your one-stop shop for all things St Edmund's Day related, keeping you up to date on the celebrations 👑🏹🐺
St Edmund's Day is celebrated as a solemnity in @RCEastAnglia. You can watch a livestreamed Mass from St Edmund, King and Martyr, Bury St Edmunds at 10am on Friday stedmundkm.org.uk/events/live-st…
Or if you're an early riser you can listen to Mass livestreamed at 7.30am from @StJohnsCath_Nrw, to celebrate the feast of one of the patrons of the Diocese sjbcathedral.org.uk/events/event/o…
Read 7 tweets
13 Nov
‘But when it comes to fairies, that’s ridiculous, childish, impossible. Until you see one yourself...' A fascinating new podcast by Jo Hickey-Hall about modern fairy sightings, which puts me in mind of this piece I wrote last year: drfrancisyoung.com/2019/09/19/why…
You can listen to the first episode here: …nfairysightingspodcast.buzzsprout.com/1428178/596078…
I'm still unsure what to make of an experience I had in a large surviving portion of medieval woodland in Warwickshire, in the summer of 2003. I didn't see anything, but I certainly felt I was not alone, and became strangely confused ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/catalo…
Read 5 tweets
13 Nov
The idea of becoming wealthy through uncovering treasure is probably as old as money itself, but it has been closely linked until recent times with magic - aimed both at detecting the treasure and appeasing or exorcizing its spirit guardians
Many grimoires contain instructions for detecting treasure, with magical methods of treasure-hunting remaining popular in England into the 1950s, when metal detectors finally took over
The discovery of treasure was troubling to many, because it disrupted the social structure if a poor person became unexpectedly wealthy. Treasure also belonged to the Crown because it was buried in the land that the Crown claimed by right of conquest- hence laws of treasure trove
Read 5 tweets
24 Sep
You’ve heard of the Norman Conquest in 1066; but have you heard about the Lithuanian invasion of England in 1069? Buckle up… (thread)
If you read the standard Oxford edition of Orderic Vitalis’s Ecclesiastical History, edited by Marjorie Chibnall, you’ll find that Chibnall identifies the soldiers employed by King Sweyn II of Denmark for an attempted invasion of England in 1069 as Lithuanians
The ‘Lithuanians’ were recruited by Sweyn and tried to land at Dover, then Sandwich, but were repulsed; they then landed successfully at Ipswich and sacked it, later moving to Norwich, where they were defeated by Ralph de Guader and forced to retreat
Read 14 tweets
23 Sep
Perhaps the weirdest theory about the origin of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania is that they were English ealdormen and thanes fleeing the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The theory arose in the 1940s from attempts to explain the rapid expansion and success of medieval Lithuania
The theory goes that Englishmen who travelled to Constantinople to serve in the Byzantine Emperor's Varangian Guard then crossed the Black Sea to the Crimea, and travelled into the interior where they formed a warrior elite ruling the Lithuanians
The first part of this theory is actually true - English expats did indeed settle in Crimea (see @caitlinrgreen's excellent account of this caitlingreen.org/2015/05/mediev…) but there is no evidence for English settlement in Lithuania
Read 5 tweets
21 Sep
When I was 12 I was part of an absolutely mean school general knowledge team. We were smashing all before us until, like St Edmund, we met our doom in a fearsome struggle at Thetford...
It was a semi-final of an all-East Anglia competition. The questionmaster, for the first time, was a teacher from the opposing school. I still remember the semi-dark classroom, the smugness on his face, the suspicious speed with which our foes answered every question...
I always got the sense that it had been decided we could go no further, as if that would somehow violate some unwritten rules... In any case, the other team felt so unnaturally self-assured that we smelt defeat, and then we were finished...
Read 4 tweets

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