I have the rest of the week off, so when I take a break from #amwriting, expect a bunch of these.
You've heard of capsaicin, right? The the "hot" chemical in chili peppers? Today I present you with RESINIFERATOXIN. It's 🔥🔥🔥!
The resin spurge plant, Euphorbia resinifera is a cactus-y type thing found in north Africa. If you cut it open, it exudes a milky latex that contains resiniferatoxin. But watch out! [Pic by James Steakley (CC BY-SA 3.0)]
Resiniferatoxin is about 1000-times "hotter" than capsaicin. It's likely the hottest, most painful toxin on the planet, so I advise not putting it in your chili or making a hot sauce out of it.
It works the same way as capsaicin. It's an agonist of the transient vanilloid receptor 1. To be a little less geeky, it activates TRPV1. It causes this ion-channel to stay open, depolarizing neurons as if they are transmitting a signal that screams PAIN. It does this very well.
As little as one-millionth of a gram, a nanogram (1/1,000,000), is painful. The funny thing though, is after a while all that stimulation results in desensitization, meaning you feel no pain. It becomes an analgesic because all the nerve endings are overloaded and fried.
So in that regard, if you can wait out the pain for the analgesic effect to kick in, it could be beneficial. We see that with topical capsaicin creams, so it's no surprise we have clinical trials with resiniferatoxin, like one injecting it into the knee for osteoarthritis.
One group even looked at it as a drug for treating premature ejaculation in dudes. They quite simply soaked the penis in a solution of resiniferatoxin. It worked too...because you can't ejaculate if your DICK IS ON FIRE.
Anyways, that's resiniferatoxin, the chemical that is about 1000-times hotter than capsaicin. Now back to #amwriting.
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Happy Thanksgiving to those of you in the US! Happy Thursday to the rest of y'all.
I told you these were coming during my #amwriting breaks! In the spirit of overeating and edible things, here's the toxic tale of COPRINE.
The inkcap mushrooms, or "inky caps", are edible mushrooms with a mild flavor. I know, you're here for the poisonous mushrooms, not the edible ones. It is edible, but not when you consume them with alcohol! Weird, I know, but I'll explain. [pic by Nick Saltmarsh (CC BY-2.0)]
The ink caps contain a chemical called COPRINE. It's not too special, though the cyclopropyl group (the triangle part) is always fun to see in natural products. The problem with COPRINE is when it is metabolized. When ingested, the body breaks it down to AMINOCYCLOPROPANOL.
As promised, more toxic tales as I take a break from #amwriting. What I love about poisons is where it takes you: chemistry, biology, history... maybe the ED or a shallow grave.
Today we'll talk about the neurotoxic, hiccup-inducing, destroyer of kidneys CARAMBOXIN.
Caramboxin is found in starfruit, the fruit that is, uh, shaped like stars. It grows throughout Southeast Asia and tastes like a citrusy apple to me. It's a unique flavor and I rather like it. [pic by Ting W. Chang (CC BY-2.0)]
But you don't want to eat too much of it. I already spoiled it - I'm rightfully accused of being too "telly" in my writing - because of caramboxin.
Caramboxin is a non-proteinogenic amino acid - it's not encoded into our DNA or needed for anything. It's strictly a poison.
First, forensic toxicology, or any part of a medico-legal death investigation, can not be done in a vacuum. I made this for death investigation talks. It's like the fire triangle: heat, fuel, air. To determine a cause of death we need: Investigation, Pathology, and Toxicology.
Second, yes, George Floyd had illicit fentanyl in his blood (the methamphetamine is so trivial a lot of labs wouldn't even bother confirming or reporting it). No one is disputing this, nor should they.
Was it fatal? LOL, no. He was walking and talking not dead on a couch.
It's Toxicology Thursday!
Let's talk about Tinyatoxin. It's got a funny name, which is why I chose it, but there's nothing tiny about the pain it produces...it brings the heat, literally.
On the chemistry side of things, it's got a super weird structure. That tri-phenoxyethyl ether thingy is odd (that's the top part, with the three oxygens (O's) I'm talking about). I don't know if I've seen a structure with one of those before, and I've seen a lot of structures.
On the botany side, tinyatoxin is produced in the succulent plant Euphorbia poissonii, which is native to Nigeria and west Africa. If you cut it open it exudes a milky latex that contains, you guessed it, tinyatoxin.
Dropping a bit of knowledge for a Toxicology Thursday.
Did you know that your lungs - you likely have two of them (I hope) -don't weigh the same? Your right one weighs more than the left. Mean masses (R/L) are 450/500g in males and 350/300g in females. How come, you ask?
Why? It's your heart. As a kid we're told our heart is on the left side, then we learn that it's really in the center. Then someone like me says, "you know what, it really is a little bit to the left." This takes up a bit of space from the left lung, hence the weight difference.
They even have different numbers of lobes. The right lung has 3 lobes, and the left lobe has 2. You're probably wondering why a toxicologist even cares about this, aren't you? Well, it has to do with opiate deaths. Lingering opiate deaths to be specific.