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27 Nov, 4 tweets, 2 min read
1/ This is a fantastic new paper in Cell from @PepperMarion showing immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 three months post-infection.
doi.org/10.1016/j.cell…
2/ I particularly like that @PepperMarion made the effort to measure memory CD4 T cells and memory CD8 T cells and antibodies and memory B cells in the same people, instead of just a single component of immune memory.
3/ And yes, I am also happy the results are consistent with our pre-print examining COVID-19 immune memory out to 8 months.😀
4/ Here's a cleaner link to that paper:
cell.com/cell/fulltext/…

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More from @profshanecrotty

Shane Crotty Profile picture
27 Nov
1/ Are RNA vaccines safe? I have gotten this question a lot lately, and it is a good question.
2/ First: RNA is messages. At any moment a human cell has 5000+ different RNA messages, and they are all temporary messages, like post-it notes that get torn up by the cells within minutes or hours after being read.
3/ Or, actually, RNA is like snapchat messages that expire. RNA vaccines do NOT become a permanent part of your body. They are temporary messages instructing cells to make one viral protein temporarily.
Read 9 tweets
Shane Crotty Profile picture
27 Nov
1/ This paper is the first significant evidence that recent infection with a common cold coronavirus could have a functional cross protective effect against severe COVID-19. “Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less severe COVID-19"
jci.org/articles/view/…
2/ The possibility of pre-existing (partial) immunity to COVID-19 has been a hot topic. The presence of cross-reactive memory T cells in a fraction of the population opened the possibility of some degree of pre-existing immunity in the population. nature.com/articles/s4157…
3/ Cross-reactive T cells can provide some degree of protective immunity in flu (Sridhar et al., 2013; Wilkinson et al., 2012). The different ways in which such immunity may manifest for SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed in: nature.com/articles/s4157…
Read 7 tweets
Shane Crotty Profile picture
27 Nov
1/ This is one of the most interesting pre-prints I have seen this past month. I consider this study in two parts.
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
2/ In the first part, Nussenzweig and colleagues show compelling data that memory B cells specific for RBD (the target of neutralizing antibodies against SARS2) undergo affinity maturation over time.
3/ They demonstrate this by cloning mAbs from the memory B cells, sequencing the B cells to show SHM, and characterizing the improved binding capacity of the mAbs.
Read 7 tweets
Shane Crotty Profile picture
23 Nov
1/ A third COVID-19 vaccine with efficacy! 3 for 3 in phase 3 vaccine clinical trials! Extraordinary successes for science.

statnews.com/2020/11/23/ast…
2/ The AZ Oxford COVID-19 interim efficacy results are 70% overall. That is substantially less than the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, over short time periods.
3/ There was a small AZ Oxford substudy with a half-dose 1st immunization and an interim efficacy of 90%. That study is much smaller than other studies, and details were not provided (cases etc.), so I don’t make much of that number for now.
Read 6 tweets
Shane Crotty Profile picture
17 Nov
1/ Our pre-print on immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is out today. To our knowledge, this is the largest such study for any acute infection.

The upshot is that there is substantial immune memory after COVID-19.

Lots of stuff in this manuscript.
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
@SetteLab
2/ We assessed immune memory of all three branches of adaptive immunity (CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, and humoral immunity—both antibodies and memory B cells) in a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study of 185 recovered COVID-19 cases, including 41 cases > 6 months post-COVID.
3/ Sources of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 may be multifaceted. Therefore, understanding immune memory in a coordinated manner is needed to see the potential complexities and gain insights into the likelihood of durability of protective immunity.
Read 7 tweets
Shane Crotty Profile picture
16 Nov
1/ The second COVID-19 vaccine trial results have been released. 94.5% estimated efficacy! Outstanding news. These are Moderna vaccine results, independent of the Pfizer results a week ago. So there are now two independent successes!

bit.ly/35AO3di
2/ Key points:

It is the same general type of vaccine as the Pfizer vaccine. Both are RNA.

There were 90 cases of COVID-19 in the placebo group, and only 5 in the vaccinated group. That gives an ~95% efficacy calculation.
3/ There were 11 severe cases of COVID-19. Severe cases are defined as hospitalized cases that require oxygen, and frequently are ICU patients. All 11 severe cases were in the placebo group, indicated the Moderna vaccine works very well at preventing severe COVID-19.
Read 12 tweets

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