Syria’s cities have been one of Assad’s greatest challenges. Allowing Syria’s largest cities to fall posed a grave strategic risk to his rule. Once the initial crackdown failed to break the opposition’s resistance, the regime turned to siege tactics. 1/
Throughout the conflict, more than forty localities have been besieged, most in the suburbs of Damascus and Homs. Following Russia’s military intervention in 2015, and particularly from the summer of 2016, key sieges were intensified into air and ground assaults. 2/
The siege that broke Aleppo followed this pattern. It began in July with cutting off the crucial road leading into the northeast of the city and then tightened through the fall, before a heavy offensive forced the residents into an evacuation deal in midwinter. 3/
Aleppo was the largest and most strategically important city to fall to this strategy, but it was not the first. As such, it is vital to situate Aleppo within the broader strategy of “kneel or starve” and to understand the policies and tactics used. 4/ syacd.org/demographic-ch…
The policy’s end goal was not only to conquer these areas militarily, but also to remove the population through either physical destruction or forced displacement. 6/
The intended effect of the endless brutality of this policy was to drive the original inhabitants of these areas out permanently, to kill any desire they may have to return to their homes. 7/
The Syrian regime is investing all its capacity to stop this from happening in a hope of retaining its poisonous dream of “useful Syria”. However, the millions of displaced Syrians are the only force which will decide upon its fate. 8/
If we persevere in our determination to reclaim our homes and our country, Assad’s attempt to engineer a “useful Syria” through demographic change will remain only that – a criminal, failed attempt. 9/9
Since 2012, Syrian regime has been implementing its ‘kneel or starve’ policy of systematically besieging anti-regime areas to break their will & force them to surrender, which often ended with massive forced displacement, and #Aleppo was not an exception. 1/
The Syrian regime began a relentless campaign with intensive barrel bombs & air strikes causing large-scale destruction & damage to civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, not to mention loss of civilian life, with 2.5M people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. 2/
The Assad regime alongside its Russian and Iranian allies were able to regain control over Aleppo by breaking it. The price was destructing the city and forcibly displacing at least 110,000 people from east Aleppo, who were subjected to war crimes during the siege. 3/
Today marks the 4th anniversary of the displacement of #Aleppo, which was one of the largest mass forced displacements during the conflict in #Syria, and a testament to the scale of the tragedy that the Syrian people are experiencing for more than a decade.
Aleppo was one of the oldest cities in the world & has always been an important center for trade and industry, and until recently, it remained the economic capital of Syria and the largest population center in it before it was destroyed by the Syrian regime & its allies.
The scene of the departure of residents from the eastern neighborhoods of #Aleppo, as a result of the agreement which was forced by the Russians and the Iranians, is still a witness to the systematic forced displacement operations in Syria’s modern history since 2011.
Considering the systematic nature of the Syrian regime's policy of forced displacement, there is a gap in the analysis informing international policy-oriented discourse of this systematic effort to affect a permanent demographic shift.
We tried to address it in our briefing.
The policy continues being applied to this date, as documented in the most recent Human Rights Watch @hrw report which details attacks on Idlib, which were part of the policy of forced displacement.
Forced displacement is almost always followed by land and property confiscations and their distribution to loyalists, often members of foreign militias. syacd.org/hama-confiscat…
Different methods of displacement and the trauma that goes with the brutality are usually deployed to make people leave their homes and stay away. 1/ syacd.org/wp-content/upl…
New reality is manufactured through violence and aggressive changes in the sectarian or religious spirit and custom of the communities, where native residents feel as strangers in their own places of birth. 2/
Economic and social pressures exerted on specific groups, while at the same time privileging other groups which are being settled as a replacement demographic; all these factors constitute elements of demographic change that numbers can’t capture. 3/
Since the outbreak of the Syrian conflict, Assad regime engaged in all sorts of oppressive practices against Syrians, including mass arrests, torture, killings, and most importantly, systematic forced displacement, in what we believe has the aim of forced demographic change. 1/
Ten years into the conflict, it is now clear that for the Syrian regime & its Iranian & Russian allies, forced displacement of millions of Syrians since 2011 is not a mere consequence of the conflict, but a systematic policy to achieve strategic goals set out by Assad himself. 2/
The main target of this criminal policy seems to be the majority Sunni Muslims, who made up 74% of pre-war population as they're seen as the main threat to the regime & its existence. Yet the regime also targeted other groups including Christians, Ismailis & other minorities. 3/
For any political solution for #Syria to be sustainable, it must include a robust mechanism to secure the rights and minimum conditions for return expressed by refugees and IDPs, some of which were detailed in our recent "We Are Syria" report. 1/ syacd.org/we-are-syria/
In doing so, the EU and the US need to use their decisive influence to reshape the mission of the Office of the Special Envoy (OSE) and the political process led by it. 2/
The majority of Syria's displaced see a political settlement as a core component of their ability to return home, but two-thirds see their chance to return slipping away as the peace process drags on. 3/