This is a story about the importance of being the first one to cover a topic.

📙 "Artificial Intelligence for Games" by @idmillington & @funge, was published in 2009.

And it featured a diagram which has now possibly become the most popular Behaviour Tree seen in Colleges.

🧵👇 Image
I first realised I had seen this Behaviour Tree before when I noticed the "Barge door" node in someone else's slides.

And from that moment onwards, I have been finding variations of that very Behaviour Tree in virtually every game AI presentation.

Jeremy Gow, Goldsmiths 👇 Image
So, I went on a journey to find out how many other presentations I could discover, which features a variation of that original Behaviour Tree...

Simon Colton & Alison Pease, Imperial College London 👇 Image
And. I. Have. Found. So. Many.

Stavros Vassos, University of Athens, Greece (May 2012) 👇 Image
In all honestly, these are not really attempts to plagiarise someone else's content. All of these Behaviour Trees are clearly inspired from each other, but have been edited and redrawn to fit the context of each lecture.

Maxim Likhachev, Carnegie Mellon University 👇 Image
And most of those presentations actually referenced the book; either as a source for the diagram, or as part of the course reading list.

Verity Curtis 👇 Image
These are only some of the slides I could find online by searching for the words "behavior tree" and "barge door".

But there are probably ten times more, which are not publicly available!

Scarlett Underwood, UC Santa Cruz (Winter 2012) 👇 Image
And many, many more presentations might have just used an image of the behaviour tree, making it even harder to find them online.

Steve Rabin, DigiPen, Redmond 👇 Image
Ultimately, I find deeply fascinating to see how such a simple diagram could spawn countless variations across the world.

Fabrizio Santini, Tufts University, Massachusetts 👇 Image
If you have seen someone else using one of those diagrams—or even making their own variation—please get in touch with me! 🙏

Like Pokémons, I would love to catch them all!

Edirlei Soares de Lima 👇 Image
And who knows, perhaps even making a phylogenetic tree trying to reconstruct how this small Behaviour Tree managed to silently conquer the world of Higher Education.

One PowerPoint slide at a time.

Michael Lynch & Mei Si, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York 👇 Image
...and this is why *my* version on the most popular Behaviour Tree is about opening doors, but does not feature the word "barge"! 😎 Image

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More from @AlanZucconi

25 Jan
These are FIVE TRICKS that my colleagues and I have learnt from one academic year or REMOTE TEACHING in HIGHER EDUCATION. 📚🎓

Every class is different, and every lecture has their own teaching style. But feel free to share this thread if you think it might help someone!

🧵👇
1⃣ 𝗦𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗽 🖥️

If you are using PowerPoint with a second monitor, you can actually resize the "Presenter View" window:

1⃣🖥️
🔴Shared screen with slides

2⃣🖥️
🔵Presenter view with notes
🟢MS Teams chat

So you can share your screen, see your notes & read questions!
2⃣ 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗻 𝗠𝗦 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗺𝘀 👏

Every time a student present their work in front of the class, I invite everyone to clap. 👏

A remote alternative is to encourage students to raise and lower their hands on MS Teams quickly.
Read 7 tweets
23 Jan
BEHAVIOUR TREES are the cornerstone of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE for #gamedev.

But they can be difficult to "grow". 🌱

I have selected FIVE rather approachable papers that use EVOLUTION to grow behaviour trees AUTOMATICALLY, so you don't have to. 🌲

Let's start with...📝

🧵👇 ImageImage
1⃣ "Evolving Behaviour Trees for the Commercial Game DEFCON" (2010)

🔹Chong-U Lim
🔹Robin Baumgarten
🔹Simon Colton

researchgate.net/publication/22… ImageImage
2⃣ "Learning of Behavior Trees for Autonomous Agents" (2015)

🔹Michele Colledanchise
🔹Ramviyas Parasuraman
🔹Petter Ögren

arxiv.org/abs/1504.05811 ImageImage
Read 8 tweets
22 Jan
Fifty years have passed since CONWAY'S GAME OF LIFE firstly appeared on a column called "Mathematical Games" on @sciam.

While most Programmers & Computer Science enthusiasts are familiar with it, not many know that the game is actually TURING COMPLETE.

Let's see why. ⠠⠵

🧵👇
The quickest way to prove that a system is TURING COMPLETE is to show that it allows for the constructions of LOGIC GATES. 🖥️

So, let's see how the 𝗔𝗡𝗗, 𝗢𝗥 and 𝗡𝗢𝗧 gates can actually be constructed in Conway's Game of Life...
Firstly, we need to find a way to encode binary signals.

One very popular choice is to use a stream of GLIDERS. The so-called GOSPER GLIDER GUN can generated a new glider every 30 generations. 🔫

Hence, receiving a glider every 30 generations counts as a "1".
Read 11 tweets
9 Jan
If you are interested in learning AI and how it can be used in #gamedev, you should start with BEHAVIOUR TREES! 🌲🧠

As the cornerstone of game AI, BTs are used in:

• Halo 2 🪖
• Bioshock 💉
• GTA V 🚗
• Façade 🍈
• Alien: Isolation 👽

Let's see how they work! 👇

🧵 A screenshot of "owl-bt", an editor for Behaviour An example of Behaviour Trees in Unreal Engine.An example of Behaviour Trees in Unity, with an asset called
Many of you are familiar with FINITE STATE MACHINES: the most popular pattern for character controllers.

While FSMs are graphs, BTs are (unsurprisingly!) trees. 🌲Their leaves are the ACTIONS 🦾 and PERCEPTIONS 👁️ your agents can perform and sense.
Each node in a BT can be in any of the three following states:

• ✔️ SUCCESS: the node was executed successfully
• ❌ FAILURE: the node could not be completed
• ⏳ RUNNING: the node is still being executed
Read 11 tweets
8 Jan
Most #gamedev are familiar with A*, the most used pathfinding algorithm in games.

⚠️ But did you know that there's a very common scenario in which A* DOES NOT find the shortest path? 😱

Let's see why A* won't work in "Portal", and how we can fix it!

🧵
All pathfinding algorithms work by iteratively exploring nearby cells in the grid.

⬅️ Breadth First Search explores them in the order in which they are discovered.

➡️ Dijkstra's Algorithm, instead, keeps exploring the SHORTEST PATH FIRST.

(gif by @redblobgames)
That is also why Dijkstra's algorithm is sometimes referred to as the SHORTEST PATH FIRST algorithm.

Ultimately, it is that property that ensures its OPTIMALITY (= it will always find the shortest path between any two points).
Read 12 tweets
24 Nov 20
One of the best ways to improve your creativity is—paradoxically—to design with constraints.

Perhaps this is why the #pico8 community never failed to amaze me with their tiny creations.

So, here's a list of PICO-8 DEMAKES, starting with possibly the best one ever made...

/🧵👇
"FUZ", a #pico8 demake of @Polytron's "FEZ" by Henry Stadolnik (@Jusiv_).

jusiv.itch.io/fuz
"Low Mem Sky", a #pico8 demake of @hellogames's "No Man's Sky" by Paul Nicholas (@Liquidream).

liquidream.itch.io/low-mem-sky-ja…
Read 7 tweets

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