Foreign Assistance in Indian Nuclear Program 🇮🇳☢️☣️
THREAD 🖇️
THREAD 🖇️
The Indian nuclear programme was not , initially, indigenous as claimed by #Indian authors. Outside powers have played important role in the development of India's nuclear #weapons programme.
1/n
1/n
Foreign Assistance in Indian Nuclear Program:
Canada 🇨🇦
Fracne 🇫🇷
Germany 🇩🇪
United Kingdom 🇬🇧
United States 🇺🇸
Russia 🇷🇺
Israel 🇮🇱
2/n
Canada 🇨🇦
Fracne 🇫🇷
Germany 🇩🇪
United Kingdom 🇬🇧
United States 🇺🇸
Russia 🇷🇺
Israel 🇮🇱
2/n
Canada 🇨🇦 supplied:
- a 40 MW nuclear research reactor (1960)
- two 200 MW Power Reactors (1960)
- a ton of uranium oxide
- fuel for India's first two heavy water power reactors.
3/n
- a 40 MW nuclear research reactor (1960)
- two 200 MW Power Reactors (1960)
- a ton of uranium oxide
- fuel for India's first two heavy water power reactors.
3/n
France 🇫🇷 helped Indian engineers in the fabrication of the un-safeguarded fast breeder test reactor at Kalpakkam.
🇫🇷 supplied low enriched uranium fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Station from 1983-1993.
4/n
🇫🇷 supplied low enriched uranium fuel for Tarapur Atomic Power Station from 1983-1993.
4/n
Germany supplied:
- un-safeguarded heavy water plants (Nangal, Himachal Pradesh and Talsher, Orissa).
- natural lithium, useful in making tritium to boost nuclear bombs
5/n
- un-safeguarded heavy water plants (Nangal, Himachal Pradesh and Talsher, Orissa).
- natural lithium, useful in making tritium to boost nuclear bombs
5/n
🇩🇪 sold:
- tele-perm process control system to the heavy water plant at Hazira, Gujrat.
- over 200 tonnes of heavy water
- zircaloy pipes, used as reactor fuel.
6/n
- tele-perm process control system to the heavy water plant at Hazira, Gujrat.
- over 200 tonnes of heavy water
- zircaloy pipes, used as reactor fuel.
6/n
Russia:
Provided two 100 MW Russian Nuclear Reactors for Kudam Kalam Power project in Tamil Nadu in 1998.
Secretly sold about 100 tonnes of heavy water to 🇮🇳 for it's un-safeguarded reactors.
Loaned two nuclear powered Submarine got training purpose.
7/n
Provided two 100 MW Russian Nuclear Reactors for Kudam Kalam Power project in Tamil Nadu in 1998.
Secretly sold about 100 tonnes of heavy water to 🇮🇳 for it's un-safeguarded reactors.
Loaned two nuclear powered Submarine got training purpose.
7/n
UK:
- Supplied turbine generator designs
- Repaired damaged equipment of some heavy water plants
8/n
- Supplied turbine generator designs
- Repaired damaged equipment of some heavy water plants
8/n
United States:
- Helped 🇮🇳 in the construction of Tarapur Atomic Power Stations
- Supplied low enriched uranium fuels
- supplied heavy water for the CIRUS reactor yhaade plutonium for India's first nuclear bomb
9/n
- Helped 🇮🇳 in the construction of Tarapur Atomic Power Stations
- Supplied low enriched uranium fuels
- supplied heavy water for the CIRUS reactor yhaade plutonium for India's first nuclear bomb
9/n
🇺🇸 provided assistance and technology for establishing a plutonium reprocessing plant at Trombau which reprocessed the CIRUS fuel for 1974 nuclear explosion.
10/n
10/n
Source: The Nuclearization of South Asia - Kamal Matinuddin
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