Stefan Baral Profile picture
10 Feb, 12 tweets, 3 min read
As a physician, and public health specialist, my job is to empower and educate people to make the best decisions for themselves.

Risk tolerance varies by person.

Some folks have extremely high risk tolerance in their lives and others less so.

films.nationalgeographic.com/free-solo

1/x
I believe that 2 weeks after 2nd dose, people are protected from serious cases of COVID-19 as defined by hospitalization or tragically causing death.

Again, the vaccine may not prevent from infection as much as severity of that infection consistent with influenza vaccines.

2/x
Even with that info, someone may or may not yet feel comfortable doing something and one shouldn’t feel pressured to do anything.

Over time, I think people will increase their contact rates with strangers—meeting a stranger, having dinner, elevators, social gatherings, etc.

3/x
Many risk assessments assume that one’s risk is directly related to the COVID-19 prevalence in the general area.

I think that's part of it, but believe that one’s living and working conditions define risks for COVID-19 far more than the general prevalence in the community.

4/x
To me, COVID-19 is a network issue—if people in your network are more likely to be essential workers (defined as people who cannot work remotely) or they are more likely to live with people who are essential workers, then your network risk is high.

5/x
For example, if someone has dinner with 5 people including 2 people who work at an Amazon distribution site, the risk of that gathering could be high.

If someone has dinner with 10 people who all work remotely, then their risk for COVID-19 from that gathering is low.

6/x
So while we have focused on community prevalence, it has erased the inequities that defining COVID-19.

I sometimes think of this as an “all lives matter” public health response—ie, not paying attention to pre-existing inequities that increase risk for some and not others.

7/x
I have always believed that COVID-19 risks are driven far more based on where people have to be (based on where they live and work) as compared to where they choose to be (social gatherings).

Ultimately, as a service provider, I’m a pragmatist at heart and in practice.

8/x
I could tell people that they should sit home and do nothing, but all that will happen is that they will still do it but just not tell me about it.

To me, harm reduction isn’t being happy or ok with a behavior, but it is about understanding it to give advice if it's sought.

9/x
So I would rather people be open with me in terms of what they are planning on doing rather than telling me what they think I want to hear.

10/x
And more importantly, I think critical that in 2021 we not let the question of social gatherings or quadruple masking take our eyes off of the socioeconomic inequities and structural racism that is such a critical driver of disparities in COVID-19.

11/x
Summarized some of this here:


And then wrote about some of this recently with @mugecevik and others here:
bmj.com/content/372/bm…

Fin

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More from @sdbaral

14 Nov 20
Why was #COVID19 seasonality so controversial?

Respiratory viruses are seasonal 2ary to immunity, population, and environmental determinants.

However, I was unprepared for how controversial discussing potential seasonality of seasonal hCoVs would be

1/4
Goals of discussing seasonality:

1) Facilitate empiric interpretation of the effects of Wave 1 restriction-based strategies
2) Prepare for Wave 2 with data-driven interventions responding to inequities nearly universally observed explained by living and working conditions.

2/4
Let's discuss this and much more:

1) Correlates of exposure/immunity (humoral & cellular markers)
2) Optimal mask interventions (who, where, why, how) to maximize population-level incidence reduction
3) Mandates vs guidelines facilitated by resources
4) Fear vs empowerment

3/4
Read 4 tweets
22 Oct 20
#COVID19 and #HumanRights

Invited by @CPHHR at @JohnsHopkinsSPH for brief talk on #COVID19 and #HumanRights frameworks.

Outline:
Bill of Human Rights
Human rights during emergencies
Country Examples
Governance and Freedom of the Press
Conclusions

Slides
1drv.ms/p/s!Au5JH22b5W…
Slide 1/16
Slide 2/16
Read 18 tweets
21 Oct 20
Welcome to an opportunity to document your guess in first gen #COVID19 vaccine efficacy and proportion of adverse events (Grade 2-5)

Grade 2-Moderate Sxs
Grade 3- Hospitalization
Grade 4- Life Threatening
Grade 5- Death

Bonus points study on A/E:
fda.gov/media/84954/do…

1/8
Oxford Non-Replicating Chimp Adenovirus Vaccine

Vaccine Efficacy - VE
Grade 2, G2
Grade 3-5, G3-5

Clinical Trials Link for Protocol:
clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04…

2/8
Moderna mRNA Vaccine

Vaccine Efficacy - VE
Grade 2, G2
Grade 3-5, G3-5

Clinical Trials Link for Protocol:
clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04…

3/8
Read 8 tweets
12 Oct 20
Restriction-Driven Responses Make No Sense (to me)

Wave 1 Ontario Data
170k tested & 16k #COVID19 diagnoses

Rate of positive test
64x in long term care (LTC)
19x in shelter

Age-Adjusted Mortality
40% higher in LTC

Txs @mishrash for including me:
cmajopen.ca/content/8/4/E6…

1/4
As of Oct 11 in Ontario, 58 LTC facilities in outbreak.

What did we need to do?

Paid leave for part-time staff if need to quarantine or isolate
(Seriously, how has this not happened yet? WTF!)

Overcome barriers to testing/symptom disclosure
(see note about PAID-LEAVE???)

2/4
What did we actually do?

Shut restaurants, gyms, and strip clubs.

I'm not an economist, but guess structural interventions would cost pennies on the dollar to whatever is happening now.

So when do we move from a populist to an empiric response? Ie, when is enough enough?

3/4
Read 4 tweets
25 Sep 20
Quantitative Study Designs and Critical Appraisal

Intended to help to do independent critical appraisal of the data being released in #COVID19 including an overview of study designs.

Also to help you assess whether "experts" did critical appraisal or are just repeating abstract
Quantitative Study Designs

Only covering studies where unit of analysis is an individual person.

There are also ecological studies which use a population as the level of analysis and systematic reviews & meta analyses which quantitatively combine results of several studies.
Observational Studies - Descriptive

Examples: case reports, case-series reports, surveillance studies, surveys

Cross-sectional studies - Describe the prevalence of a disease or other phenomena without looking for associations between variables
Read 13 tweets
22 Sep 20
Public Health Practice Gems

#COVID19 has increased the general interest in public health.

So I thought it worthwhile to provide some framing for folks new to this field.

The goal is to provide an overview of public health:
1) Principles
2) Intervention Strategies
3) Actors
Public health practice is a service industry.

Similar to other service industries, the customer is always right.

If we don't understand our customer and empathetically address needs, people vote with their feet.

ie, PHP is Public Health Practitioner, not Public Health Police
Public Health Principles

Equity -- Given inequities across society, public health should aim to do more for those who need more

Social Justice -- Achieve balance between intervention burden and benefit

Participation -- public to be engaged in decisions that will affect them
Read 25 tweets

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