In 235 BCE, a boy named Aristocrates was born, and someone made predictions about his life based on where the sun, moon, and planets were in the sky.

“Venus was in 4° Taurus. The place of Venus (means) he will find favour wherever he goes.”
“The moon was in 12° Aquarius. His days will be long.”

According to his horoscope, Anu-belshunu was born on December 29, 248 BCE some time in the evening, probably in Uruk. I just love that we know that about him.
Only ~30 horoscopes survive from ancient Babylonia, and they all contain similar info in a similar order.

Date and time of birth. Positions of the sun, moon, and planets in the zodiac. Eclipses that year. Solstice and equinox data. Sometimes, a prediction.
Predictions in ancient Babylonian horoscopes were not always good. On April 16, 68 BCE, a child was born whose “good fortune will diminish”.

The horoscope also records a partial lunar eclipse that took place on September 3 of that year eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/-0099…
The data in Babylonian horoscopes was mined from other astronomical tablets.

Horoscopes were written after the baby’s birthday based on that info. Birth notes that simply record a birthday have also survived, like this one for someone named Belshunu born in 292 BCE
(Presumably, the horoscope would be put together at a later date.)
Someone named Tarsamukus (maybe?) was born on September 1, 287 BCE when Mars was in Leo, Jupiter and Venus were in Cancer, and the sun was in Virgo britishmuseum.org/collection/obj…
What’s cool about Babylonian horoscopes is that they show how the zodiac — developed in the mid-first millennium BCE as a way to organise astronomical observations and calculations — was extended to other stuff in people’s lives.
I mean actually what’s cool about Babylonian horoscopes is BABYLONIAN HOROSCOPES

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More from @Moudhy

26 Jan
Calculation of the area of a trapezoid by a student from ancient Babylonia.

Three of the sides are labelled with numbers, and the area is written out in the centre in the sexagesimal notation system as 5,3,20 𒐊 𒁹𒁹𒁹 𒌋𒌋 (= 5 and 1/18th, I think)
Possibly a Babylonian approximation of pi reflected in this drawing of a circle with inscribed numbers.

Read more about it here, including a computational explanation and further biblio history-of-mathematics.org/artifacts/baby…
A school tablet with calculations of the areas of squares with the teacher’s neat copy on one side (left) and a student’s slightly messier work on the other (right). Can you spot the number 9 inside the innermost square? 𒑆

Photo by Klaus Wagensonner collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/…
Read 9 tweets
23 Jan
Thank you so much to the incredible @gregjenner and his team for having me on "You're Dead to Me" and to @kaekurd for being so hilarious and bringing Gilgamesh the restaurant into my life!

Here’s a thread of some of the stuff referenced in the podcast for those interested
First of all, what even is cuneiform?

It’s a writing system from the ancient Middle East, used to write several languages like Sumerian and Akkadian. Cuneiform signs can stand for whole words or syllables. Here’s a little primer of its evolution sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/the…
What kinds of texts was cuneiform used to write?

Initially, accounting records and lists.

Eventually, literature, astronomy, medicine, maps, architectural plans, omens, letters, contracts, law collections, and more.
Read 23 tweets
30 Nov 20
Good morning! Ancient Babylonians sometimes paid other people to do their laundry for them.

"The dirty clothes that Shaddinnu has given (me) for cleaning, I will clean the dirty clothes by the 10th day of the month Arahsamna and return them to Shaddinnu"
A handful of clay tablets from Uruk, Babylon, and Borsippa in the middle of the first millennium BCE record contracts for doing laundry.

"Ina-teshi-etir, the washerman...will clean and whiten the whites of the house of Nabû-shumu-ukin", for which he gets paid 1 shekel per year
Akkadian word of the day is zikûtu "laundry" because why not
Read 8 tweets
17 Nov 20
“Will there be a vaccine in 2020?” is a question I wish I could have asked an ancient Babylonian or Assyrian seer in March to assuage anxiety, manage expectations, or make decisions.

Thread on using the organs of sheep to answer specifically worded questions a long time ago
Nature was a clay tablet to the diviner in ancient Mesopotamia. The gods inscribed signs in astronomical phenomena, animal behaviour, plant life, oil, smoke, human physiology, dreams, and animal exta to be read by diviners.

The liver was sometimes called the tablet of the gods.
There is a fancy word in English for liver divination that took me ~3 years to learn to spell: extispicy.

In ancient Mesopotamia, this was the job of the bārû, "seer" or "diviner". A person trained for a Very Long Time to learn to read signs inscribed on the entrails of sheep
Read 21 tweets
26 Jul 20
As we begin to bid farewell to NEOWISE, I want to take a moment to remember the comets that found their way into cuneiform tablets thousands of years ago, and the people who may have felt the same sense of wonder some of us did when looking at the night sky this July.
The Akkadian word for comet is ṣallammû, or ṣallummû. It appears in cuneiform texts from ancient Babylonia that record centuries of observed astronomical phenomena.

AFAIK, these "Astronomical Diaries" are the longest-running dataset for such phenomena from the ancient world
“the comet which previously had been seen in the east in the path of Anu in the area of Pleiades and Taurus, to the west…and passed along in the path of Ea”

The comet known as Halley’s Comet is described in a Babylonian Astronomical Diary from 164 BCE oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/adsd/adart3/X3…
Read 11 tweets
17 Jun 20
What survives of the past is things, so it's easy to forget the people behind them whose lives, loves, worries, and wants might not have been so different from ours.

Thread of letters from ancient Mesopotamia as a random reminder of our shared humanity
Work anxiety is nothing new.

In the 7th century BCE, a physician named Nabu-tabni-usur found himself an outcast in the king's court and lamented to his royal patron, "If the king knows a fault committed by me, let the king not keep me alive...I am dying of a broken heart!"
An exorcist named Urad-Gula in the court of king Esarhaddon was "dying of a broken heart" after falling out of favour.

The head exorcist, who was Urad-Gula's father, wrote to the king to ask that the "shattered" scholar be reinstated. A 3,000-year-old diplomatic, fatherly moment
Read 15 tweets

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