The British followed the examples of their Indian subjects where hair was concerned. In Britain, combing and powdering were preferred to washing the hair, which was regarded with anxiety and thought to induce headache and toothache. [1/5]
Fanny Parks, in her book Wanderings, asserted that the hair washing was a repeated activity in India, and in the appendix to her book a recipe for ‘shampoo’, that she thought this was something unusual in Britain. [2/5]
The recipe was a mixture of basun (a type of pulse), egg yolks, and juice of limes, and it was very similar to a recipe that was given by Colesworthy Grant, who described this means of cleaning the hair as the virtue the British had learned from the Indians. [3/5]
He further wrote that hair washing was "an operation to which I suspect more importance is not attached in any part of the world, than in this country". That the word shampoo is derived from the Hindi champo, meaning ‘to massage’, suggests its Indian origin. [4/5]
It took several more years before shampoo appeared as a commercial product, but by the 1920s The Englishman, a newspaper, was carrying advertisements that invited ladies to save their hair by massaging their scalps with ‘Plomer’s Jaborandi Hair Wash’ and 'Egg Julep'. [5/5]
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The examination of company officials’ bathing and cleanliness practices allows us for an exploration into how far the British adoption of Indian practice was a result of the significant and lasting impact which India had on the British who lived here. [1/8]
In Britain, a daily splash of water on the face & hands was regarded as a quite sufficient cleanliness practice, even among the middle classes. Writing in 1801, a doctor commented that ‘most men resident and ladies in London neglect washing their bodies from year to year.’ [2/8]
Even the propriety of washing the whole surface of the body was often questioned, as one Richard Reece remarked in a journal called Medical Companion that washing hands and faces daily was sufficient enough to keep one’s body healthy. [⅜]
Before 1757, two well-known centers of excellence, for learning, flourished in Bengal—Navadvip/Nabadwip and Bhatpara. And then there were a large number of lesser-known centers such as; [1/9]
There have been a number of studies exploring the nexus between colonial knowledge and imperial purpose on somewhat similar lines. Ronald Inden’s studies discuss the notion of ‘imagined knowledge’ which by no means, contains ‘mirrors’ or ‘true knowledges’ about India. [1/4]
The acts of imagining were meant to create an India that could be easily understood and controlled. This imagined India was kept ‘eternally ancient’ by inferior attributes- caste, divine kingship, irrationality, lack of scientific spirit, and so on. [2/4]
One object of the exercise was to elevate the ruler’s position by comparison. In Inden’s view, this process "entailed the wholesale de-constitution of India’s economic and political institutions." [3/4]
The heavens shower rain; the earth bears grain; why should I pay for my land?
Do you collect tax to command the elements? Does rain shower at your command?
~ Tamil Folk Ballad, words spoken by Veerapandiya Kattabomman to British Collector shortly before his defeat and death
An 18th-century Tamil Palayakarrar & chieftain, he refused to accept the sovereignty of the British East India Company & waged a war against them. He was captured by the British with the help of the ruler of the kingdom of Pudukottai and was hanged at the age of 39.
The historian Susan Bayly says that Kattabomman is considered a Robin Hood-like figure in local folklore and is the subject of several traditional narrative ballads in the kummi verse form. The site of his execution at Kayathar has become a "powerful local shrine".
If Kipling was culturally an Indian child who grew up to become an ideologue of the moral and political superiority of the West, Aurobindo was culturally a European child who grew up to become a votary of the spiritual leadership in India.(1/17)
If Kipling had to disown his Indianness to become his concept of the true European; Aurobindo had to own up his Indianness to become his version of the authentic Indian. Though Aurobindo symbolized a more universal response to the splits that colonialism had induced. (2/17)
Aurobindo Ackroyd Ghose- the Western middle name was given by his father at birth- was the third son of his parents. The Ghoses were urbane Brahmos from near Calcutta and fully exposed to the new currents of social change in India. (3/17)
In 1903, a British military expedition crossed into the long-isolated and inhospitable land of Tibet - but the pseudo-diplomatic mission became a bloody assault. It rarely finds mention in the grand histories of the British Empire. #History
There were extraordinary characters involved in the invasion. Chief among them was Colonel Francis Younghusband, the head of the mission, admired by the likes of Bertrand Russell, H.G. Wells, & John Buchan. Another key figure was Brigadier-General James Macdonald. #History#Tibet
Along with another 18000, accompanying them was the mission's Principal Medical Officer and official archeologist, Dr. Laurence Waddell, a man who is still regularly described as a real-life Indiana Jones. He was considered a leading British authority on Tibetan culture.