This thread is the fourth visit to the logistical disaster known as Operation Iceberg.

1/
The three previous threads have dealt with the hidden friendly fire, USN doctrine & a horrid staff planning error that left far too few staffers to plan because of a grand standing USMC general/Deputy Chief of Staff in 10th Army .

"Failing to plan is planning to fail."

2/
This thread focuses on how unexamined CentPac & 10th Army staff assumptions in changed combat conditions turned around and bite them all in the assets.

3/
The photo here shows a rock crusher operating while cranes and power shovels load CCKW dump trucks at a quarry near Omaha Beach, used by US Army Engineer units to supply stone for the construction of roads, Normandy, France, circa June 1944.
4/
The tremendous amount of traffic on the roads in Normandy, as men and supplies were brought into France over the beaches, required the services of many engineer units -- w/rock crushers -- to keep the unpaved roads in good repair.
5/
At places like Tarawa, Kwajalein, & Eniwetok the USMC/Army/Navy team did not have to build many roads. Atolls didn't have room beyond that needed for an air field and the port facilities to support them.

Guam was bigger, but had roads, coral & limestone to build with.
6/
Nor were extensive roads built on Peleliu while the Marines were there.

Going into the Okinawa, there had literally not been a Central Pacific campaign where rock crushers had been used to combat or civil engineers support combat operations.

This built-in staff assumptions

7/
...that CentPac & Tenth Army took into Okinawa that just were not the case.

Specifically, coral was the same everywhere in the Pacific, it was the perfect building material for roads & air fields, Okinawa had it & rock crushers were not needed.

8/
The extent that mined coral and coral sand was used for infrastructure in the Central Pacific campaign can be seen in this clip from General Richardson's "Participation in the Okinawa Operation" report dated about early May 1945.

Eleven of 18 air strips were to be coral
9/
...surfaced.

Only 11 air bases with 15 strips -- one base w/strip was abandoned at war's end -- were constructed.

The 8K & 7.5K strips were B-29 w/asphalt.
The 7K strips were B-24 w/coral
The 6.5K & 6K strips were B-25/A-26 w/coral.
The 5k feet strips were Ftr w/coral.

10/
The problems that caused these delays was that most coral on Okinawa had a high clay content.

Add lots of rain & it turned into a gooey mud.

Awase Airfield was a case in point.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awase_Air…
11/
The African American Seabees of the 34th NCB commenced construction of the 5000 ft Ftr airstrip on Apr 23, 1945.

Construction of the airfield was delayed by the torrential rains of late May early June so the heavy earth-moving equipment was diverted to road maintenance.
12/
The problem, as the XXIVth Corps photo report "Engineer Operations Okinawa Shima" made clear was the improved road surfaces were made of clay filled coral too.

13/
The situation with the Okinawan roads were so bad in Early May 1945 that airfield pierced planks were used to build causeways for lack of "non-dissolvable" road building materials.

And was another reason Okinawa airfield development was slow.
14/
The Tenth Army Action Report Ryukyus - 26 March to 30 June 1945 Volume II - Engineer Staff Section XI admitted to the clay problem with some stone, but not with coral.

It also pin pointed in time when the Army Staff realized the lack of rock crushers

...but not why.
15/
The two week before Tenth Army Staff's 'OMG moment' with the lack of rock crushers on the shipping list points to Tenth Army evaluating the last batch of US Navy Carrier group strike photos of Okinawa with low level oblique photos of the roads and vehicles on them while
16/
...assembling off Leyte. AKA Where Tenth Army picked up XXIVth Corps.

Now we get to the why.

The XXIVth Corps' Leyte combat experience had been colored by a horrid mud bowl in it's supply lines.

17/
Col Frank Gillette of XXIVth Corps staff had written an article for the US Army Staff College periodical, MILITARY REVIEW 4/1945 issue, on those muddy supply problems.

A draft of this article was given to 10th Army as detachments of US Army Signal Corps photo interpreters
18/
...arrived.

The G-d awful mess the US Navy had been making of US Army Signals shipping priorities for the Okinawa invasion, and the dog fight with MacArthur to get XXIVth Corps sucked away from the Philippines, had to have completely consumed the Tenth Army's
19/
...staff attention in the months before loading amphibious shipping for Okinawa.

In particular, the Signals problem included a lack of a photo interpretation company for Tenth Army. All Tenth Army managed to get before movement was a group of photo interpretation teams for
20/
...US Army Divisions, XXIVth Corps and Tenth Army HQ level echelons without the command and control or reproduction capabilities of a real PI Company.

These teams were filled with any odds and sods available with any sort of PI training and arrived in Hawaii...
21/
...just before the movement of LST's there for Leyte to pick up XXIVth Corps.

Whatever their ultimate skills, the new 10th Army P.I.'s finally evaluated the USN CV strike low level oblique photos of the roads and vehicles on Okinawa for the 10th Army staff off Leyte.
22/
Then hot messages were sent to the various combat engineer battalions, groups & brigades looking for rock crushers as the low level close up photos showed the roads were much less capable than high level photos indicated.

There were no rock crushers in all 10th Army.

23/
There were no spare rock crushers in the Marianas either.

Neither the USMC nor US Navy Seebees, nor US Pacific Army had any.

The USAAF was using theirs to build B-29 strips.

24/
The Island Command (ISCOM) garrison force had one intended for roads that General Buckner's 10th Army staff took over on Okinawa.

One rock crusher simply was not enough against the need.

25/
The hot messages of Tenth Army drew the attention of General Robert Richardson, the commander of Army Forces Central Pacific.

He took action to see that later engineer units still staging for Okinawa from the USA & Hawaii would have rock crushers...but only by June.
26/
Then it got worse.

There has been exactly one historical paper on the Okinawa campaign's military police operations published since 1945.

It was a 1995 masters thesis titled "Military Police Operations in the Okinawa Campaign" that explained how it got worse.
27/
US Army & USMC Military Police (MP) have a lot of roles. The most important for this thread was controlling military vehicle traffic.

Tenth Army did not get shipping approval from the Navy for enough MP's.

The G-4 planners of all the 10th Army units were supposed to

28/
...provide traffic circulation plans to Tenth Army MP units so they could plan their traffic control measures.

The lack of staff at Tenth Army made their planning late & pushed more work onto lower units.

So many MP unit's never got their circulation plans to plan with!

29/
When the rains of May 1945 came at Okinawa. There simply were not enough MP's to control the traffic.

North-South routes 5 & 13 in XXIVth Corps eastern sector collapsed.

Route 1 in III Marine Amph. Corps western sector held on...barely.
30/
Unknown to the author of "Military Police Operations in the Okinawa Campaign," XXIVth Corps had replaced all it's artillery prime movers between Leyte & Okinawa with high speed tracked prime movers.
31/
The LST's staged from Hawaii to Leyte to pick up XXIVth Corps included a bounty of tracked artillery prime movers.

When the XXIVth Corps MP's shut down the traffic at night on Okinawa. Many XXIVth Corps artillery units 'jumped queue' with their tracked prime movers to keep
32/
...their guns within support range.

This admirable dedication to their duty to support their infantry utterly destroyed the roads that it was the duty of MP's & Engineers to keep open to support the infantry!
33/
It was the duty of Tenth Army staff to prevent such staff failures.

But while it was their duty, they never had the resources to carry them out.

This was the primary reason why Operation Iceberg was a logistical disaster.
/End

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More from @TrentTelenko

30 Apr
@BoneyAbroad @ReassessHistory @greg_jenner The twin flaws with most histories of the strategic bombing campaigns in WW2 are factually illiteracy & projecting current identity/moral values on people living the 1930's & 1940's.

Two world wars in 21 years makes democratic peoples very bloody minded.
@BoneyAbroad @ReassessHistory @greg_jenner And as far as factual illiteracy goes, I have a "bozo filter" resource list on strategic bombing that I use to judge a book's credibility.

1. Richard P. Hallion's "America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910-1945

2/
@BoneyAbroad @ReassessHistory @greg_jenner 3. Charles W. MacArthur's "Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II"

4. James K. McElroy, Chapter Nine in "Fire and Air War" by the National Fire Protection Association

3/
Read 19 tweets
30 Apr
Two days ago plus a further 76 years (27 Apr 1945) the capstone logistical catastrophe of the Okinawa Campaign occurred.

The US Army ammo ship SS Canada Victory was given a berth far from the shipping off Hagushi beach by the SOPA. She was struck & ignited. The 7,400 tons
1/
...of artillery ammunition aboard her burned.

Nor was she the only Army ammo ship damaged off Hagushi Beach 27 Apr 1945.

The SS Clarksdale Victory was also struck by Japanese artillery & the SS Bozeman Victory took rudder and propeller damage from a ram from another ship...
2/
...maneuvering during the 27 Apr 1945 air attacks.

This is how page 36 of "Contribution to Victory - The Distribution and Supply of Ammunition and Ordnance in the Pacific Theater of Operations" describes the impact to the Battle of Okinawa.

3/
Read 33 tweets
18 Apr
The US Naval Institute is commemorating the survival of the USS Laffey at Okinawa Picket Station #1.

This thread is about a critical planning mistake the USS Laffey crew paid for with their lives
1/
The day USS Laffey was attacked, 16 April 1945, was also the day that the island of Ie Shima, off Okinawa, was invaded by the 77th Infantry Division.
2/
history.navy.mil/content/histor… Image
The full panoply of amphibious firepower from air and sea also required a huge part of the radio spectrum to control.

USN warships, USN rocket & mortar gunboats and strafing planes each required separate radio frequencies.
3/ Image
Read 17 tweets
13 Apr
This thread subject is about researching friendly fire that involved flag ranks at Okinawa in 1945.

The really frustrating thing about friendly fire incidences in military history is how often they are covered up. 1/

This happens so often that it amounts to a normal state of affairs.

The story of the 2004 friendly fire death of former professional NFL football player turned post 9/11/2001 US Army Ranger Patrick Daniel Tillman is a case in point.
2/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Tillm… Image
This is most especially true when it involves small numbers of deaths, the most politically connected and powerful officer leadership cliques in a military service, and the failure of a military doctrine that clique championed, as was the case on 6 April 1945.
3/ Image
Read 130 tweets
10 Apr
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory Mr. Powell,
Has anyone told you that you make a great straight man?

The Chennault "1933 exercise system" was used in combat in China WITH GREAT SUCCESS by the Flying Tigers & later 14th AF.
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory In fact, the Japanese Army in China both copied Chennault's ground observer system and improved upon it.

The following is from this document:
afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/doc… Image
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory The IJA needed to protect its trains from 14th AF raiding. They blanketed China with both ground observers & radar. Then fed the information into filter centers that warned the trains.

Shades the 1999 Serb F-117 shootdown, the IJA had observers watching 14th AF air fields. Image
Read 13 tweets
10 Apr
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory >>Baldwin is correct on 1932

No, he wasn't. And quite provably so.

All that was necessary was for ground observers and defending fighters to have radios that could talk to each other.

The attached map is from a 1933 exercise where then Captain Claire Chennault proved that. Image
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory I've written a couple of Chicagoboyz columns addressing the institutional lying attached to "The bomber always gets through."

1st -

History Friday: Claire Lee Chennault — SECRET AGENT MAN!
chicagoboyz.net/archives/40740…
@tac_air_power @ReassessHistory And 2nd:

History Week End: MacArthur’s Forgotten New Guinea Air Warning Wireless (NGAWW) Company Aircraft Spotters
chicagoboyz.net/archives/57892…

The history of the NGAWW is interesting in that it comes from Aussie lessons in North Africa.
Read 15 tweets

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