This is an amazing story. In 1912, Greek soldiers took an island from the Ottoman Empire. The soldiers were thinking that the inhabitants were Greek, but the local kids said "No, we are Romans".
And they were Romans... from the former Roman Empire. 1/6
In the West, we date the end of the Roman Empire to around 476BC. But the "Eastern" Roman Empire persisted and its people *were* Romans. This Roman identity persisted even after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. 2/6
This is the extent of the Roman Empire in 555BC. It still included Rome! And it continued to include the city until the 8th century.
Rome had not been the capital of the Empire for a long time and losing Rome did not change their self-identification as "Romans". 3/6
After the fall of Constantinople, the persistence of the Roman identity was reflected in the name given to the area in the Ottoman Empire: Rumelia, the "land of the Romans". 4/6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia
It is a fascinating tale of the persistence of an identity through the ages. Even though being Roman in 1912 was not the same as being Roman in 54BC, there are links from generations to generations between the Romans of the past and these children who identified as Romans. 5/6
It is striking how the history of this Roman Empire, speaking Greek, is ignored in the West.
Shout-out to @byzantiumcast's great podcast, where I heard the story of the 1912 Roman children for the first time. 6/6 thehistoryofbyzantium.com
* with correction
476BC and 555BC
Were obviously 476AD and 555AD
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In Italy, fascist groups used violence against political opponents to deter them and prevent them from seating in Parliament.
from Ebner's amazon.com/Ordinary-Viole…
In France, militarised leagues went close to what seems a coup d'Etat in 1934, with riots generated by conspiracy theories around a corruption affair.
from Kalman's amazon.com.au/Extreme-Right-…
Eventually, Germany's and Italy's democracy decayed into dictatorships.
There is definitely a lesson from history: democratic institutions can fail and we should not take them for granted.
The Nobel Prize in economics went to theorists who made major contributions to our understanding of how to design auctions.
If it seems far from you, it should not. Auction theory is one of the major successes in economics which had very large real world implications. (Thread)
Economists are known to like markets. Markets are a way to allocate resources. But they are not the only one. Auctions are another way to organise who get what, at what price. You are surely familiar with art auctions, housing auctions, or eBay auctions.
But really the notion of auction is very broad. Contests such as sporting matches, legal battles, political races, grant applications can also be conceived as auctions where contestants bid resources in the hope of securing a prize. link.springer.com/article/10.100…
Suppose you could improve Twitter as a public platform, what feature would you add (or remove)?
I would suggest for Twitter to give users the freedom to adjust the parameters of the recommendation algorithm. Something like:
Emotions:
😱—————|——🤗
Seriousness:
🧐—|—————— 😂
Political content:
🗳—————|——❌
Outrage:
🤬——————|—😎
Why? People may be enticed to click on the posts promoted by the default algorithm. But they may regret wasting their time that way, and they could *prefer* different content.
How efficient markets are vs how efficient economists believe they are: our paper looking at more than 600 experimental markets is just accepted at @RevOfFinStudies!
Markets are “strongly efficients” if prices reflect *all* the private and public information available.
They are “semi-strongly” efficient if they only reflect all the public information.
Economists tend to think that financial markets are fairly informationally efficient. 2/
With my colleague Christoph Siemroth, we had previously found that experimental markets’ prices can have seemingly paradoxical properties: they are on average equal to the fundamental value, but they often differ from the existing information! 3/ sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
What are the chances that Biden will beat Trump in November?
That's an important question, but do we even know what it means?
A thread on what it means to forecast probability.
Another prediction is given by betting markets. On Betfair, Biden's odds to win are 1.83. The odds are the inverse of the probability, so according to Betfair's market, Biden has 1/1.83=54.6% chances to win in November.